All of IGCSE 9-1 Edexcel Chemistry

States of Matter and Diffusion

Sublimation


&
melting boiling S ionization

Solid = Liquid Gas Plasma
&




condensation recombination


--
freezing



Deposition
of sublimation and
·
Example deposition
↳ carbon dioxide
(dry ice)
SOLID-ice
LIQUID-water
GAS-steam/water vapour
PLASMA-stars and lightning
↳When we heat gas to
to extreme high temprature so that one or more
up
electrons torn from the atom
away
are




Difference Between Boiling and
Evaporation

Boiling
/ &
Evaporation
·

liquid transforms into gas that happens at
only
·
a
process
at all volume the surface of the liquid
·
happens all the time at any temp
is NOT equally ,
distributed
energy
·




higy energy particles exaporate

SOLID LIQUID GAS
·




000000 0 O O


00000
200 00 000000
O
O &
⑧
O
O


8
O G g


000
O
000000000 O
g
00 000 0000 O
O · O O
000000000 G
still
packed tightly close to eachother far away weak interaction
,




together and can but can freely move
between particles
only vibrate

, Phase Diagram
- · In the mountains water boils at

temprature because




Y
a lower pressure
Liquid ocritical
and the water is


~
is lower less
point
its easier
squeezed by the air so


T G Triple
Point
for it to turn into gas
.



Solid -




d =
v=
Gas

>
Temprature

DTFFUSION

·
happens due to random movement of
particles Example :




drop of ink
Putting a
· From Higher to Lower concentration into water

· The higher the temprature ,
the faster it happens

O
s

oo
00 O O
O
O00
7 ·

0 O
Diffusion
800
O
G .
0 o
-




more from higher to lower concentration area




Ammonia Hyrochloric
II
acid
se ⑤
+



=
NHyCI ↑ ↑ ↑
cotton soaked white ring forms
(Ammonium chloride) with ammonia ammonium
chloride
Wottonsoakedaeoric
a sid

, Separation Methods
MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS


Expirement
When decreased the water started boiling at 29
·
pressure
degrees celcius
·
When the water boiled the temp decreased because the process

of turning from liquid to a
gas takes up energy

TRIPLE POINT
-
When temprature is at a
freezing point but the pressure
is lower so it boils at the same time




LOWER PRESURE = LOWER BOILING POINT


WORDS

Atom - it is the smallest part of matter that has its own chemical properteries
chemical
Element - is a
group
of atoms that have the same
properties
of atoms that made from diffrent elements
Compound a
group are
-




Mixture -
combination of 2 or more substances not
chemically bonded

Homogeneos
-

Mixture in which we cannot distinguish separate ingridients
Heterogeneos -
Mixure in which we can
distinguish between separate ingridients

Molecule -

two or more atoms
chemically bonded


Ion -
atom or molecule that lost or
gained electrons

1)
Anion If cation ( +


)

HOW TO SEPERATE
>
-
sand and salt
↳ hetero geos
salt will disolve and filter out the
to the mixture
↳
adding water , ,

sand and leave the salt mixture for the water to evaporate

Water
>
-
oil and water
Oil
↳ heterogeos OIL
the beaker
↳ suringe the oil out of WATER

↳ Or use a
separatig
value #

, >
-
carbon dioxide and oxegen
↳ nomogeneos
carbon dioxide will freeze and become
deposition
a
↳ ,


solid


>
- salt and water
↳ homogeneos
and salt will stay
↳ heat mixure
up ,
water will evaporate

Separation Techniques
·
Mechanical Separation / manual separation

↳ Using tweezers (taking out a rock from water)
funnles
>
-

suringe tweezers , , separating

· Filtration

↳ membrane that lets out of the substances not the other
Using a
one



↳ cloth ,
filter paper , -




Residue
D
Funnel
I




Beaker

Filtrate
-




·
Evaporation/crystallisation
↳ heating up
the substance so that one of the evaporates

- Evaporating basin ↳ crystalizer

-
/ Basil burner




·
Simple distillation

↳ substances have diffrent boiling points ,
three-way thermometer
adapter
17 condenser
↳ using RO flask and heat
up
~
-




sphyrical
flask
beaker
-O" ~ distillator
y
X
gauze
Ttripod