PENN FOSTER PHARMACOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+
Cardiac system Drug Group and Class, Used to treat/for: Amrinone
-Positive Inotropic Drugs
-> Bipyridine Derivatives
-inhibit enzymes that lead to an increase in cellular Ca
-AKA Inocor
-given IV and is limited to short-term inpatient use
4 drug sources and examples
1.) Plant: Alkaloids -ine, Glycosides -in;
2.) Minerals: Electrolytes
3.) Animals: Hormones and Anticoag
4.) Lab: most important
Indication vs. Contraindication
reasons for giving a drug and reasons to not give a drug to a patient
Another name for prescription drugs
legend drugs
Prescription drugs are regulated by
FDA
Statement or Legend on prescription drugs must say
"Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a
licensed veterinarian."
In order for a prescription drug to be prescribed to a client, a
__________________ must exist.
valid veterinarian-client relationship
Factors in a VCPR
§ The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the
health of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow
the veterinarian's instructions.
§ The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis.
§ The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluations of the patient.
What are drugs that do not require the supervision of a vet
Over the counter drugs
Extra-label drug use
The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved
label directions
Ways to be classified as an extra-label drugs
,Different indication. different species, different dose, different frequency, different route
What is included in a drug regimen
Kind of drug, Route of administration, dosage, frequency, and duration
How does a vet determine the kind of drug? Name the 3 types
1.) Diagnostic: assessment of patient including history, physical examination, lab tests,
and other diagnostic procedures
2.) Empirical: use of practical experience and common sense
3.) Symptomatic
Pharmacokinetics
the complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient.
Pharmacokinetics is influenced by
the manner in which the drug is given and by the properties of the drug itself
Factors that influence administration route
1.) Available form
2.) Drug Properties
3.) Onset of action
4.) Ease of administration
5.) Condition being treated
examples of parenteral routes
IV, IM, SQ, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intraarticular, intracardiac,
intramedullary, epidural/subdural
Which parenteral route has the most rapid onset of action? What about its
duration?
IV accompanied by the shortest duration
When does IV drugs reach its peak plasma concentration?
as soon as it enters circulation
Which route is best for irritating drugs?
IV
Why shouldn't oil- based drugs and drugs with suspended particles be given IV?
greater chance of embolism
depot preparations
preparations from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time
SQ administration produces a _________ onset of action but slightly
____________ duration that IM
slower; longer
ID route is used for
TB and allergen testing
Most common route of drug
Oral
PO drugs can be given
by mouth, ng tube, and orogastic tube
,Pros and Cons of PO drug administration
Pros: Longer lasting effect, easily dispensed for at home administration, a lot of drugs
available in this form
Cons: slower absorption rate, should not be given to patients with vomiting or diarrhea
In horses, caustic materials may be applied __________ to inhibit the growth of
proud flesh
topically
Mechanisms of absorption
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
drug transport
pincocytosis
Passive Diffusion vs Facilitative diffusion
Diffusion: From high to low concentration
No energy required
Facilitative: From high to low concentration
no energy required
uses a carrier
Active transport
Active: from lower to high concentrations
Requires ATP
Protein pumps (Na-K)
________ is the best described drug transporter and is produced at the direction
of the ___________ gene
P-glycoprotein; MDR1
MDR1 gene (ABCB1)
codes for P-glycoprotein which provided protection.
¨ Useful in intestinal, renal, placental, liver, and brain tissue, where it helps to pump
transported drugs out of the body or away from the protected sites
¨ Protection is achieved by pumping the drugs into the intestine, bile, or urine
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs drug molecules
Factors that affect drug absorption
• Mechanism of absorption
• pH and ionization status of the drug
• Absorptive surface area
• Blood supply to the area
• Solubility of the drug
• Dosage form
, • Status of the GI tract (motility, permeability, and thickness of the mucosal epithelium)
• Interaction with other medications
nonionized vs ionized
Nonionized: no charge, lipophilic
Ionized: hydrophilic, can be pos or neg
Many drugs can pass through a cell membrane if they are
nonionized
Weak acidic drugs in a(n) _________ environment do not ionize readily and
therefore are absorbed well
acidic
partition coefficient
the ratio of the number of molecules of an anesthetic gas that exist in two phases
(blood/gas).
-It indicates the solubility of an inhalation agent in blood as compared with alveolar gas.
First-pass effect
substances are absorbed from the GI tract into the portal venous system, which delivers
the drug to the liver before it enters the general circulation
Bioavailability
measure the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
How are drugs distributed?
absorption site --> plasma of the bloodstream --> interstitial fluid --> cells --> cellular
receptors --> action
What affects distribution of a drug
Rate of movement: concentration gradient
Protein binding
Lipid solubility
Barriers
Disease
When a drug is bound to a protein, it becomes ____________ and ____________
for binding with cell receptors or metabolism
inactive, unavailable
Water- soluble drugs tend to stay in the _________, where they can be
bloodstream, where they can be bound to various proteins or remain free
Lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed by ____________ and tend to move
___________ of the bloodstream to
bodily fats; out; to the interstitial fluids or tissue
Example of distribution barriers
placenta and blood brain and eye
Biotransformation is another way of saying
metabolism-- changed so it can be eliminated
Biotransformation most often occurs in the _________ due to
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+
Cardiac system Drug Group and Class, Used to treat/for: Amrinone
-Positive Inotropic Drugs
-> Bipyridine Derivatives
-inhibit enzymes that lead to an increase in cellular Ca
-AKA Inocor
-given IV and is limited to short-term inpatient use
4 drug sources and examples
1.) Plant: Alkaloids -ine, Glycosides -in;
2.) Minerals: Electrolytes
3.) Animals: Hormones and Anticoag
4.) Lab: most important
Indication vs. Contraindication
reasons for giving a drug and reasons to not give a drug to a patient
Another name for prescription drugs
legend drugs
Prescription drugs are regulated by
FDA
Statement or Legend on prescription drugs must say
"Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a
licensed veterinarian."
In order for a prescription drug to be prescribed to a client, a
__________________ must exist.
valid veterinarian-client relationship
Factors in a VCPR
§ The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgments about the
health of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow
the veterinarian's instructions.
§ The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to issue a diagnosis.
§ The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluations of the patient.
What are drugs that do not require the supervision of a vet
Over the counter drugs
Extra-label drug use
The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved
label directions
Ways to be classified as an extra-label drugs
,Different indication. different species, different dose, different frequency, different route
What is included in a drug regimen
Kind of drug, Route of administration, dosage, frequency, and duration
How does a vet determine the kind of drug? Name the 3 types
1.) Diagnostic: assessment of patient including history, physical examination, lab tests,
and other diagnostic procedures
2.) Empirical: use of practical experience and common sense
3.) Symptomatic
Pharmacokinetics
the complex series of events that occurs once a drug is administered to the patient.
Pharmacokinetics is influenced by
the manner in which the drug is given and by the properties of the drug itself
Factors that influence administration route
1.) Available form
2.) Drug Properties
3.) Onset of action
4.) Ease of administration
5.) Condition being treated
examples of parenteral routes
IV, IM, SQ, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intraarticular, intracardiac,
intramedullary, epidural/subdural
Which parenteral route has the most rapid onset of action? What about its
duration?
IV accompanied by the shortest duration
When does IV drugs reach its peak plasma concentration?
as soon as it enters circulation
Which route is best for irritating drugs?
IV
Why shouldn't oil- based drugs and drugs with suspended particles be given IV?
greater chance of embolism
depot preparations
preparations from which the drug is absorbed slowly over an extended time
SQ administration produces a _________ onset of action but slightly
____________ duration that IM
slower; longer
ID route is used for
TB and allergen testing
Most common route of drug
Oral
PO drugs can be given
by mouth, ng tube, and orogastic tube
,Pros and Cons of PO drug administration
Pros: Longer lasting effect, easily dispensed for at home administration, a lot of drugs
available in this form
Cons: slower absorption rate, should not be given to patients with vomiting or diarrhea
In horses, caustic materials may be applied __________ to inhibit the growth of
proud flesh
topically
Mechanisms of absorption
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
drug transport
pincocytosis
Passive Diffusion vs Facilitative diffusion
Diffusion: From high to low concentration
No energy required
Facilitative: From high to low concentration
no energy required
uses a carrier
Active transport
Active: from lower to high concentrations
Requires ATP
Protein pumps (Na-K)
________ is the best described drug transporter and is produced at the direction
of the ___________ gene
P-glycoprotein; MDR1
MDR1 gene (ABCB1)
codes for P-glycoprotein which provided protection.
¨ Useful in intestinal, renal, placental, liver, and brain tissue, where it helps to pump
transported drugs out of the body or away from the protected sites
¨ Protection is achieved by pumping the drugs into the intestine, bile, or urine
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs drug molecules
Factors that affect drug absorption
• Mechanism of absorption
• pH and ionization status of the drug
• Absorptive surface area
• Blood supply to the area
• Solubility of the drug
• Dosage form
, • Status of the GI tract (motility, permeability, and thickness of the mucosal epithelium)
• Interaction with other medications
nonionized vs ionized
Nonionized: no charge, lipophilic
Ionized: hydrophilic, can be pos or neg
Many drugs can pass through a cell membrane if they are
nonionized
Weak acidic drugs in a(n) _________ environment do not ionize readily and
therefore are absorbed well
acidic
partition coefficient
the ratio of the number of molecules of an anesthetic gas that exist in two phases
(blood/gas).
-It indicates the solubility of an inhalation agent in blood as compared with alveolar gas.
First-pass effect
substances are absorbed from the GI tract into the portal venous system, which delivers
the drug to the liver before it enters the general circulation
Bioavailability
measure the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
How are drugs distributed?
absorption site --> plasma of the bloodstream --> interstitial fluid --> cells --> cellular
receptors --> action
What affects distribution of a drug
Rate of movement: concentration gradient
Protein binding
Lipid solubility
Barriers
Disease
When a drug is bound to a protein, it becomes ____________ and ____________
for binding with cell receptors or metabolism
inactive, unavailable
Water- soluble drugs tend to stay in the _________, where they can be
bloodstream, where they can be bound to various proteins or remain free
Lipid-soluble drugs are absorbed by ____________ and tend to move
___________ of the bloodstream to
bodily fats; out; to the interstitial fluids or tissue
Example of distribution barriers
placenta and blood brain and eye
Biotransformation is another way of saying
metabolism-- changed so it can be eliminated
Biotransformation most often occurs in the _________ due to
