PHARMACOLOGY PENN FOSTER EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Indications
reason for using the drug
Contraindication
reason not to use a drug
pharmacokinetics
complex sequence of events occurring after drug administered to patient
pharmacodynamics
the study of the mechanisms b y which drugs cause physiologic changes in the body
binders
hold tablets together
coatings
protects tablet from breaking, absorbing moisture, and early disintegration
disintegrants
Expand when exposed to liquid, allowing tablets and capsules to dissolve and disperse
their active ingredients
emulsifiers
allow fat soluble and water soluble agents to mix to they don't separate
fillers/diluents
Increase bulk or volume
flavorings
create or mask taste
flow agents
prevent powders from sticking together
humectants
hold in moisture
preservatives
prevent degradation and improve shelf life
,thickeners
increase viscosity
Diagnostic Method of choosing meds
assessing patient through history, physical exam, lab testing, and other diagnostics to
arrive at a diagnosis. Causative microbe/physiological imbalance aids in drug selection.
Empirical Method of choosing meds
uses experience and common sense to choose drugs
Symptomatic Method of choosing meds
targets symptoms or signs of disease if diagnosis cannot be reached
regimen
plan for administering drug to patient, including route, dose, frequency, and duration
prescription drug
a drug to be administered and used under the supervision of a veterinarian
extralabel use
using a drug in a way not specified by the label
Veterinarian-client-patient relationship
The set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the
patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate. Vet has responsibility
for making clinical judgments about the animal's health and the client agrees to follow
the vet's instructions. Vet has sufficient info about patient history to issue a diagnosis.
Vet must be available for follow up.
Over the counter drugs
can be purchased without a prescription; do not have enough potential for abuse or
toxicity to require special administration
controlled substances
drugs that have potential for abuse or dependence, require careful records of inventory
and use, and are kept in a locked storage area
tech responsibilies for carrying out drug orders
- Correct drug administered
- Correct route and time
- Observe response to drug
,- Question any orders that are unclear
- Creating and attaching labels to medications accurately
- Explaining administration instructions to clients
- Recording info in MCR
loading dose
drugs administered at high dose until appropriate blood level is reached
therapeutic drug monitoring
measuring drug levels in blood, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid to determine if
appropriate levels are being reached for efficacy
Blood concentration levels are determined by
- rate of absorption
- amount of drug absorbed
- distribution of drug throughout the body
- drug metabolism/biotransformation
- rate and route of excretion
Absorption of oral meds are effected by
-drug pH
-drug solubility
-size/shape of drug molecule
-presence/absence of food in GI tract
-GI motility
-GI disease
Oral meds are ____ slower than injected meds but have a longer _____
absorbed, duration of action
IV has ____ onset of action and ____ duration
fastest, shortest
depot preparation
injectable drug placed in a substance that delays absorption
IM has ____ onset than IV but ____ duration
slower, longer
SC has ____ onset than IM, but ____ duration
, slower, longer
Intradermal (ID) primarily used for
TB and allergy testing
Intraperitoneal (IP)
used to deliver fluids, blood, or medication into the abdominal cavity when other routes
are unavailable
intra-arterial
injecting directly into artery
intra-articular
injected directly into a joint, used to treat inflammatory conditions
intracardiac
injects directly into chambers of the heart, providing immediate access to bloodstream
and therefore delivers drug all over body very quickly
intramedullary
injecting directly into bone marrow
inhalation route
medications delivered in inspired air by converting liquid to gas through a
vaporizer/nebulizer
topical route
medications applied to skin or mucous membranes
locations for topical medications
oral cavity, rectum, uterus/vagina, mammary glands, eyes, ears
Bioavailability
degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches general circulation
factors that effect absorption
-mechanism of absorption
-pH and ionization status of drug
-absorptive surface area
-blood supply
-drug solubility
-dosage form
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
Indications
reason for using the drug
Contraindication
reason not to use a drug
pharmacokinetics
complex sequence of events occurring after drug administered to patient
pharmacodynamics
the study of the mechanisms b y which drugs cause physiologic changes in the body
binders
hold tablets together
coatings
protects tablet from breaking, absorbing moisture, and early disintegration
disintegrants
Expand when exposed to liquid, allowing tablets and capsules to dissolve and disperse
their active ingredients
emulsifiers
allow fat soluble and water soluble agents to mix to they don't separate
fillers/diluents
Increase bulk or volume
flavorings
create or mask taste
flow agents
prevent powders from sticking together
humectants
hold in moisture
preservatives
prevent degradation and improve shelf life
,thickeners
increase viscosity
Diagnostic Method of choosing meds
assessing patient through history, physical exam, lab testing, and other diagnostics to
arrive at a diagnosis. Causative microbe/physiological imbalance aids in drug selection.
Empirical Method of choosing meds
uses experience and common sense to choose drugs
Symptomatic Method of choosing meds
targets symptoms or signs of disease if diagnosis cannot be reached
regimen
plan for administering drug to patient, including route, dose, frequency, and duration
prescription drug
a drug to be administered and used under the supervision of a veterinarian
extralabel use
using a drug in a way not specified by the label
Veterinarian-client-patient relationship
The set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the
patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate. Vet has responsibility
for making clinical judgments about the animal's health and the client agrees to follow
the vet's instructions. Vet has sufficient info about patient history to issue a diagnosis.
Vet must be available for follow up.
Over the counter drugs
can be purchased without a prescription; do not have enough potential for abuse or
toxicity to require special administration
controlled substances
drugs that have potential for abuse or dependence, require careful records of inventory
and use, and are kept in a locked storage area
tech responsibilies for carrying out drug orders
- Correct drug administered
- Correct route and time
- Observe response to drug
,- Question any orders that are unclear
- Creating and attaching labels to medications accurately
- Explaining administration instructions to clients
- Recording info in MCR
loading dose
drugs administered at high dose until appropriate blood level is reached
therapeutic drug monitoring
measuring drug levels in blood, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid to determine if
appropriate levels are being reached for efficacy
Blood concentration levels are determined by
- rate of absorption
- amount of drug absorbed
- distribution of drug throughout the body
- drug metabolism/biotransformation
- rate and route of excretion
Absorption of oral meds are effected by
-drug pH
-drug solubility
-size/shape of drug molecule
-presence/absence of food in GI tract
-GI motility
-GI disease
Oral meds are ____ slower than injected meds but have a longer _____
absorbed, duration of action
IV has ____ onset of action and ____ duration
fastest, shortest
depot preparation
injectable drug placed in a substance that delays absorption
IM has ____ onset than IV but ____ duration
slower, longer
SC has ____ onset than IM, but ____ duration
, slower, longer
Intradermal (ID) primarily used for
TB and allergy testing
Intraperitoneal (IP)
used to deliver fluids, blood, or medication into the abdominal cavity when other routes
are unavailable
intra-arterial
injecting directly into artery
intra-articular
injected directly into a joint, used to treat inflammatory conditions
intracardiac
injects directly into chambers of the heart, providing immediate access to bloodstream
and therefore delivers drug all over body very quickly
intramedullary
injecting directly into bone marrow
inhalation route
medications delivered in inspired air by converting liquid to gas through a
vaporizer/nebulizer
topical route
medications applied to skin or mucous membranes
locations for topical medications
oral cavity, rectum, uterus/vagina, mammary glands, eyes, ears
Bioavailability
degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches general circulation
factors that effect absorption
-mechanism of absorption
-pH and ionization status of drug
-absorptive surface area
-blood supply
-drug solubility
-dosage form
