Principle of Medical Laboratory Science 2
PRELIMS
Clinical Laboratory Assistance - Observe personal hygiene
- Wear clean and unwrinkled lab coats. Dress conservatively.
Clinical Laboratory Assistant Lab coats must be buttoned completely
➢ Prepare test samples - Shoes must be clean, polished, closed-toed, and skid-proof
➢ Keep lab records - When jewelry is worn, it must be conservative. Makeup must
➢ Document test findings also be applied conservatively
- Perfume and cologne usually are not recommended or must be
Phlebotomy kept to a minimum.
● To cut a vein - Hair, including facial hair, must be clean, neat, and trimmed.
❖ Phlebotomist Long hair must be pulled back neatly
- individual that specializes in the collection of blood for - Fingernails must be clean and cut short
laboratory testing. ❖ Communication skills
◆ Verbal skills
Major Traditional Duties ● Age and education
➢ Correct identification and preparation of the patient - Avoid medical jargon
➢ Collection of the appropriate amount of blood by venipuncture or - Use age-appropriate phrases
dermal puncture ● Hearing problems
➢ Selection of the appropriate specimen containers - Speak loudly and clearly
➢ Correct labeling of the specimens with the required information - Facilitate lip-reading
➢ Appropriate transport of the specimens to the laboratory in a timely - Communicate in writing
manner ● Language difference
➢ Processing of specimens for the delivery to the appropriate - Ask for assistance from an interpreter
laboratory departments - Use hand signals, show equipment, etc.
➢ Performance of computer operations and recordkeeping - Remain calm, smiling, and reassuring
➢ Effective interaction with patients and hospital personnel ● Patient emotions
➢ Observation of all safety regulations, quality control checks, and - Speak calmly and slowly
preventive maintenance procedures - Do not appear rushed or disinterested
➢ Attendance at continuing education programs ● Visual impairment
- Speak directly to the patient
Additional Duties - Explain procedures fully
➢ Training other health-care personnel - Provide instructions in large print or Braille
➢ Monitoring the quality of specimens ◆ Listening skills
➢ Evaluating protocols associated with specimen collection - Looking directly and attentively at the patient
➢ Performing and monitoring point-of-care testing (POCT) - Encouraging the patient to express anxieties and
➢ Performing electrocardiograms (ECGs) concerns
➢ Performing measurements of patient’s vital signs - Observing body language and asking the patient to
➢ Collecting arterial blood specimens verbalize feelings
➢ Collecting specimens from venous access devices (VADs) - Allowing the patient time to describe why he or she is
➢ Assisting with bone marrow collection concerned
- Providing feedback to the patient through appropriate
Characteristics Associated with Professionalism responses
❖ Dependability, cooperation, commitment - Encouraging patient communication by asking questions
- Practice punctuality ◆ Nonverbal skills
- Cooperate with every personnel and patient ● Facilitates communication
- Take your line of work seriously - Smiling
- Act when duty calls for it - Eye contact at eye level
❖ Compassion, courtesy, respect ● Projects a professional image
- Remember that you are dealing with patients - Correct posture
- Introduce yourself in a kindly manner - Relaxed facial expressions
- Consider the relatives of the patient that may be present ● Indicates openness, thoughtfulness, cooperation, and
- Consider cultural diversity confidence
❖ Integrity, honesty, competence - Open hands
- Never hesitate to admit a mistake - Appropriate “zone of comfort”
- Don’t be too overconfident ● Hinders effective communication
- Ask for assistance if you need it - Shuffling into the room
- Practice confidentiality - Avoiding eye contact
❖ Organization, responsibility, flexibility ● Suggests boredom, defensiveness, suspicion,
- Always maintain an organized and well-stocked collection tray secretiveness, or frustration
or station - Slouching, shrugged shoulders
- Prioritize your work - Drumming on the table
- The few minutes it takes to organize can save you and others - Tapping foot
many minutes of anxiety ● Indicates nervousness, discomfort, uneasiness, anxiety, or
- Check that you have all of the patient’s requisitions fear
- Prioritize STAT requests - Sighing
❖ Professional appearance - Head in hand
, - Doodling products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases
- Arms crossed on chest - Red (no additives), Gold (serum separator; silicon clot
- Tightly clenched hands activator), Green (Heparin; Lithium, sodium, ammonium;
- Wrinkled forehead Plasma/WB)
- Frown ❖ Blood Bank
- Narrowed eyes - Considered as the most critical in clin. lab
- Downcast mouth - Where blood may be collected, stored, and prepared for
transfusion
The Clinical Laboratory - Blood typing and compatibility testing are the two main
activities performed
Two Main Divisions of the Clinical Laboratory - Blood collection (in bags) and separation into components
❖ Anatomical Area for transfusion purposes
- Responsible for the analysis of surgical specimens, frozen ❖ Immunology and Serology Section
sections, biopsy specimens, cytological specimens, and - Analyzes serum antibodies and different antigens
autopsies. - Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response,
● Cytology (cancer), Histology/Histopathology (affected that is, the production of antibodies and cellular activation
tissues), Cytogenetics (genes), and Flow Cytometry - Red tube
(antigens) ❖ Microbiology
❖ Clinical Area - Focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on
- Divided into specialized clinical analysis sections specimens received, and also assessing the antibiotic
● Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology and resistance profile of the pathogen involved
Coagulation Studies, Clinical Microscopy, Blood Bank/ - Bacteriology, Mycology, Virology
Immunohematology, Immunology and Serology ❖ Clinical Microscopy
- Analysis of urine and other body fluids, stool, detection
and identification of parasites
- Neisseria genotype; Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) -
antibiotic resistance
Laboratory Signs
● Carcinogen
● Mutagenicity
● Reproductive toxicity
● Respiratory sensitizer
● Target organ toxicity
● Aspiration toxicity
● Flammables
● Pyrophorics
● Self-heating
● Emits flammable gas
● Self-reactives
● Organic peroxides
● Irritant (skin and eye)
Clinical Analysis Division ● Skin sensitizer
❖ Hematology and Coagulation Section ● Acute toxicity
- Deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood ● Narcotic effects
- Coagulation studies focus on blood testing for the ● Respiratory tract irritant
determination of various coagulation factors ● Hazardous to ozone layer
* Hematology; whole blood, lavender (EDTA), 8 inversions (nonmandatory)
- CBC(blood smear; ESR - to assess inflammation);
WBC, HGB, RBC, HMT, Platelet, RBC indices (MCH,
MCHC, MCV; RDW, anisocytosis) ● Gasses under pressure
* Special Hematology; uses special staining techniques
reticulocytes; studies for anemia and leukemia (BM
assessment; posterior iliac crest)
- Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes;
macrophages, lymphocytes; B-cells, plasma -
antibodies, T-cells - defense
* Coagulation studies; plasma, light blue (sodium citrate), 4 ● Skin corrosion/burns
inversions ● Eye damage
- Hemostasis, PT; extrinsic & common coagulation ● Corrosive metals
factors, aPTT;intrinsic coagulation factors
❖ Clinical Chemistry Section
- Intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to
quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste ● Explosives
PRELIMS
Clinical Laboratory Assistance - Observe personal hygiene
- Wear clean and unwrinkled lab coats. Dress conservatively.
Clinical Laboratory Assistant Lab coats must be buttoned completely
➢ Prepare test samples - Shoes must be clean, polished, closed-toed, and skid-proof
➢ Keep lab records - When jewelry is worn, it must be conservative. Makeup must
➢ Document test findings also be applied conservatively
- Perfume and cologne usually are not recommended or must be
Phlebotomy kept to a minimum.
● To cut a vein - Hair, including facial hair, must be clean, neat, and trimmed.
❖ Phlebotomist Long hair must be pulled back neatly
- individual that specializes in the collection of blood for - Fingernails must be clean and cut short
laboratory testing. ❖ Communication skills
◆ Verbal skills
Major Traditional Duties ● Age and education
➢ Correct identification and preparation of the patient - Avoid medical jargon
➢ Collection of the appropriate amount of blood by venipuncture or - Use age-appropriate phrases
dermal puncture ● Hearing problems
➢ Selection of the appropriate specimen containers - Speak loudly and clearly
➢ Correct labeling of the specimens with the required information - Facilitate lip-reading
➢ Appropriate transport of the specimens to the laboratory in a timely - Communicate in writing
manner ● Language difference
➢ Processing of specimens for the delivery to the appropriate - Ask for assistance from an interpreter
laboratory departments - Use hand signals, show equipment, etc.
➢ Performance of computer operations and recordkeeping - Remain calm, smiling, and reassuring
➢ Effective interaction with patients and hospital personnel ● Patient emotions
➢ Observation of all safety regulations, quality control checks, and - Speak calmly and slowly
preventive maintenance procedures - Do not appear rushed or disinterested
➢ Attendance at continuing education programs ● Visual impairment
- Speak directly to the patient
Additional Duties - Explain procedures fully
➢ Training other health-care personnel - Provide instructions in large print or Braille
➢ Monitoring the quality of specimens ◆ Listening skills
➢ Evaluating protocols associated with specimen collection - Looking directly and attentively at the patient
➢ Performing and monitoring point-of-care testing (POCT) - Encouraging the patient to express anxieties and
➢ Performing electrocardiograms (ECGs) concerns
➢ Performing measurements of patient’s vital signs - Observing body language and asking the patient to
➢ Collecting arterial blood specimens verbalize feelings
➢ Collecting specimens from venous access devices (VADs) - Allowing the patient time to describe why he or she is
➢ Assisting with bone marrow collection concerned
- Providing feedback to the patient through appropriate
Characteristics Associated with Professionalism responses
❖ Dependability, cooperation, commitment - Encouraging patient communication by asking questions
- Practice punctuality ◆ Nonverbal skills
- Cooperate with every personnel and patient ● Facilitates communication
- Take your line of work seriously - Smiling
- Act when duty calls for it - Eye contact at eye level
❖ Compassion, courtesy, respect ● Projects a professional image
- Remember that you are dealing with patients - Correct posture
- Introduce yourself in a kindly manner - Relaxed facial expressions
- Consider the relatives of the patient that may be present ● Indicates openness, thoughtfulness, cooperation, and
- Consider cultural diversity confidence
❖ Integrity, honesty, competence - Open hands
- Never hesitate to admit a mistake - Appropriate “zone of comfort”
- Don’t be too overconfident ● Hinders effective communication
- Ask for assistance if you need it - Shuffling into the room
- Practice confidentiality - Avoiding eye contact
❖ Organization, responsibility, flexibility ● Suggests boredom, defensiveness, suspicion,
- Always maintain an organized and well-stocked collection tray secretiveness, or frustration
or station - Slouching, shrugged shoulders
- Prioritize your work - Drumming on the table
- The few minutes it takes to organize can save you and others - Tapping foot
many minutes of anxiety ● Indicates nervousness, discomfort, uneasiness, anxiety, or
- Check that you have all of the patient’s requisitions fear
- Prioritize STAT requests - Sighing
❖ Professional appearance - Head in hand
, - Doodling products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases
- Arms crossed on chest - Red (no additives), Gold (serum separator; silicon clot
- Tightly clenched hands activator), Green (Heparin; Lithium, sodium, ammonium;
- Wrinkled forehead Plasma/WB)
- Frown ❖ Blood Bank
- Narrowed eyes - Considered as the most critical in clin. lab
- Downcast mouth - Where blood may be collected, stored, and prepared for
transfusion
The Clinical Laboratory - Blood typing and compatibility testing are the two main
activities performed
Two Main Divisions of the Clinical Laboratory - Blood collection (in bags) and separation into components
❖ Anatomical Area for transfusion purposes
- Responsible for the analysis of surgical specimens, frozen ❖ Immunology and Serology Section
sections, biopsy specimens, cytological specimens, and - Analyzes serum antibodies and different antigens
autopsies. - Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response,
● Cytology (cancer), Histology/Histopathology (affected that is, the production of antibodies and cellular activation
tissues), Cytogenetics (genes), and Flow Cytometry - Red tube
(antigens) ❖ Microbiology
❖ Clinical Area - Focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on
- Divided into specialized clinical analysis sections specimens received, and also assessing the antibiotic
● Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, Hematology and resistance profile of the pathogen involved
Coagulation Studies, Clinical Microscopy, Blood Bank/ - Bacteriology, Mycology, Virology
Immunohematology, Immunology and Serology ❖ Clinical Microscopy
- Analysis of urine and other body fluids, stool, detection
and identification of parasites
- Neisseria genotype; Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) -
antibiotic resistance
Laboratory Signs
● Carcinogen
● Mutagenicity
● Reproductive toxicity
● Respiratory sensitizer
● Target organ toxicity
● Aspiration toxicity
● Flammables
● Pyrophorics
● Self-heating
● Emits flammable gas
● Self-reactives
● Organic peroxides
● Irritant (skin and eye)
Clinical Analysis Division ● Skin sensitizer
❖ Hematology and Coagulation Section ● Acute toxicity
- Deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood ● Narcotic effects
- Coagulation studies focus on blood testing for the ● Respiratory tract irritant
determination of various coagulation factors ● Hazardous to ozone layer
* Hematology; whole blood, lavender (EDTA), 8 inversions (nonmandatory)
- CBC(blood smear; ESR - to assess inflammation);
WBC, HGB, RBC, HMT, Platelet, RBC indices (MCH,
MCHC, MCV; RDW, anisocytosis) ● Gasses under pressure
* Special Hematology; uses special staining techniques
reticulocytes; studies for anemia and leukemia (BM
assessment; posterior iliac crest)
- Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes;
macrophages, lymphocytes; B-cells, plasma -
antibodies, T-cells - defense
* Coagulation studies; plasma, light blue (sodium citrate), 4 ● Skin corrosion/burns
inversions ● Eye damage
- Hemostasis, PT; extrinsic & common coagulation ● Corrosive metals
factors, aPTT;intrinsic coagulation factors
❖ Clinical Chemistry Section
- Intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to
quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste ● Explosives
