NURSING IS AN ART – CARING
INTRODUCTION Watson also defined three of the four concepts in nursing
Caring: a nurturing way of relating to a valued other towards including person or human being, health, and nursing. She
whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and referred human being as a valued person in and of him or
responsibility. Caring is growth and health-producing herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and
(nurturing) occurs in relationships (relating) to the one assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully
cared-for (a valued other); individualized and intimate functional integrated self. Human is viewed as greater than
(personal), with a sense of commitment (passion), and different from the sum of his or her parts. Health,
accountability and duty (responsibility). meanwhile, is defined as a high level of overall physical,
mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-
Learning Outcomes: maintenance level of daily functioning; and the absence of
1.Demonstrate comprehensive understanding caring illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of
practice model illness. And nursing as a science of persons and health-illness
2. To understand the theory to serve as anchor in nursing experience that are mediated by professional, personal,
practice scientific, and ethical care interactions.
3. To understand aspects of a nurse's skills to increased
independence in reliance on abstract ideas and principles
KEY CONCEPTS OF THE PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
and an increase in critical thinking
OF CARING 10 CARATIVE FACTORS /CARITAS
PROCESSESS
Outline:
1. forming humanistic-altruistic value systems,
I. Caring Practice Models 2. instilling faith-hope,
a. Practice Model: Jean Watson theory of Caring 3. cultivating a sensitivity to self and others,
• Key Concepts of The Philosophy and Science 4. developing a helping-trust relationship,
of Caring 5. promoting an expression of feelings,
b. Practice Model: Kristen Swanson’s Theory of 6. using problem-solving for decision-making,
Caring and Healing 7. promoting teaching-learning,
c. Practice Model: Virginia Henderson Basic 8. promoting a supportive environment,
Nursing Care Model 9. assisting with gratification of human needs, and
• Fourteen Components of Basic Nursing Care 10. allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.
II. 6C’s of Caring
Importance of the 6C’s of caring
B. PRACTICE MODEL: KRISTEN SWANSON’S THEORY
III. Caring for self and others OF CARING AND HEALING
A. Self-Care Theory
This theory states that caring proceeds in a sequence of five
• Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
categories: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and
• Theory of Nursing System
maintaining belief. When applied to nursing practice, each of
B. Key Concepts of Three Interlocking
these five stages stimulates the caregiver’s attitude and
• Care, Cure, Core Theory of Lydia Hall
improves the overall patient well-being. The theory aims at
C. Theory of Feminine Morality Gilligan’s stages of
helping nursing personnel to deliver care that promotes
moral development.
dignity, respect, and empowerment. This model was framed
to ensure consistent caring behaviors which would, in turn,
CONTENT improve patient satisfaction.
I. CARING PRACTICE MODEL
A. JEAN WATSON THEORY OF CARING DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS:
Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring is concerned Caring: a nurturing way of relating to a valued other towards
on how nurses express care to their patients. Her theory whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and
stresses humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine responsibility. More specifically, caring is growth and health-
with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. producing (nurturing) occurs in relationships (relating) to the
one cared-for (a valued other); individualized and intimate
The nursing model states that “nursing is concerned with (personal), with a sense of commitment (passion),
promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and accountability and duty (responsibility). Together with this,
restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as nurturing is delivered as a set of interrelated processes that
the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is evolve from the nurse’s own convictions, knowledge, and
central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than interaction with a patient. The caring process: being with,
a simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief, moreover, are
to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. grounded in real nursing behaviors.
According to her theory, caring can be demonstrated and Maintaining Belief: an orientation to caring begins with a
practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth; a fundamental belief in persons and their capacity to get
caring environment accepts a person as he or she is, and through events and transitions and face their future with
looks to what he or she may become. meaning. Importantly, this conviction is the base or
foundation for the practice of nursing care. Besides,
, NURSING IS AN ART – CARING
whatever health conditions the patient is facing, a nurse cornerstone of enabling is appropriate communication with
believes in her/his the capacity and power to accept or patients and their families. This involves regular and
welcome upcoming days with meaning. frequent contacts with patients, qualified by empathy and
sensitivity to family dynamics, cultural and religious beliefs
Knowing: in knowing, one perceives events according to the and previous experience, along with the nature of illness.
meaning they have in the life of the other. It involves a Communication also embodies providing information,
thorough assessment of all the aspects of a patient’s explanation about the given care, medications, tests, and the
condition and reality, engaging the self or person-hood of overall condition of the patient.
the nurse as well as the patient, in a caring style of approach.
The important nursing behaviors for knowing are; a C. PRACTICE MODEL: VIRGINIA HENDERSON BASIC
humanistic view of the other, nurturing, understanding of NURSING CARE MODEL
his/her situation, analysis, and interpretation, compassion,
The Nursing Need Theory was developed by Virginia
empathy, insight, academic cognition and imagination,
Henderson and was derived from her practice and
assessment and communication skills, respect for individual
education. Henderson’s goal was not to develop a theory of
differences and recognition of the other as a significant
nursing, but rather to define the unique focus of nursing
being. When the process knowing occurs there develops a
practice. The theory emphasizes the importance of
bond of empathy and understanding between the care
increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after
provider and the care recipient.
hospitalization would not be delayed. Her emphasis on basic
human needs as the central focus of nursing practice has led
Being-with: being with, as well as being emotionally present
to further theory development regarding the needs of the
conveys to patients the message that they and their
patient and how nursing can assist in meeting those needs.
experiences are significant to the nurse. Similarly, emotional
presence is a technique by which the nurse shares the
Henderson identifies three major assumptions in her model
meanings, feelings and lived experience of the one-cared for.
of nursing. The first is that “nurses care for a patient until a
The nurse assures the patients of her readiness and
patient can care for him or herself,” though it is not stated
willingness to be in their reality. it’s a side-by-side physical
explicitly. The second assumption states that nurses are
presence of clearly conveying one’s availability. Basically, the
willing to serve and that “nurses will devote themselves to
message is, “you are not alone, what happens to you matters
the patient day and night.” Finally, the third assumption is
to us and we are here for you”.
that nurses should be educated at the college level in both
sciences and arts. The four major concepts addressed in the
Doing for: the real meaning of doing for is found in the
theory are the individual, the environment, health, and
definition of nursing: The unique function of a nurse is to
nursing.
assist the individual, sick of well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that s/he would perform unaided it s/he had FOURTEEN COMPONENTS OF BASIC NURSING CARE:
the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in • Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately.
such a way as to help her/him gain independence as rapidly • Eliminate body wastes.
as possible. In other words, doing for refers to the activities • Move and maintain desirable postures.
in which a nurse engages with patients for what they would • Sleep and rest.
do for themselves if at all it were possible to them. Doing for • Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
as seen in the above definition, involves on the part of the • Maintain body temperature within normal range by
nurse, measures that are performed on behalf of a patient’s adjusting clothing and modifying environment
long term welfare. They include comforting patients, • Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect
anticipating their needs, performing procedures skillfully, the integument
protecting them from harm and ultimately preserving their • Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
human dignity. injuring others.
• Communicate with others in expressing emotions,
Enabling: facilitating the other’s passage through life needs, fears, or opinions.
transitions and unfamiliar events. As in the case of doing for, • Worship according to one’s faith.
enabling fosters an environment of self-healing. Such an
• Work in such a way that there is a sense of
enabling process enhances the patient’s capacity to heal,
accomplishment.
actualize oneself and in particular practice self-care.
• Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
Moreover, self-care animated by intrinsic motivation, self-
• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to
determination and competence are the results of
normal development and health and use the
empowering that means, a nurse by positively altering one’s
available health facilities.
self-concept, knowledge, attitude and skill–level empowers
patients in order to facilitate healing. Even more, the
external environment such as provisions of safety devices,
removal of physical, social or emotional threats or obstacles
also contributes to the healing process. Here, patients are
partners, with knowledge and self-management skills. The
INTRODUCTION Watson also defined three of the four concepts in nursing
Caring: a nurturing way of relating to a valued other towards including person or human being, health, and nursing. She
whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and referred human being as a valued person in and of him or
responsibility. Caring is growth and health-producing herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and
(nurturing) occurs in relationships (relating) to the one assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully
cared-for (a valued other); individualized and intimate functional integrated self. Human is viewed as greater than
(personal), with a sense of commitment (passion), and different from the sum of his or her parts. Health,
accountability and duty (responsibility). meanwhile, is defined as a high level of overall physical,
mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-
Learning Outcomes: maintenance level of daily functioning; and the absence of
1.Demonstrate comprehensive understanding caring illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of
practice model illness. And nursing as a science of persons and health-illness
2. To understand the theory to serve as anchor in nursing experience that are mediated by professional, personal,
practice scientific, and ethical care interactions.
3. To understand aspects of a nurse's skills to increased
independence in reliance on abstract ideas and principles
KEY CONCEPTS OF THE PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
and an increase in critical thinking
OF CARING 10 CARATIVE FACTORS /CARITAS
PROCESSESS
Outline:
1. forming humanistic-altruistic value systems,
I. Caring Practice Models 2. instilling faith-hope,
a. Practice Model: Jean Watson theory of Caring 3. cultivating a sensitivity to self and others,
• Key Concepts of The Philosophy and Science 4. developing a helping-trust relationship,
of Caring 5. promoting an expression of feelings,
b. Practice Model: Kristen Swanson’s Theory of 6. using problem-solving for decision-making,
Caring and Healing 7. promoting teaching-learning,
c. Practice Model: Virginia Henderson Basic 8. promoting a supportive environment,
Nursing Care Model 9. assisting with gratification of human needs, and
• Fourteen Components of Basic Nursing Care 10. allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.
II. 6C’s of Caring
Importance of the 6C’s of caring
B. PRACTICE MODEL: KRISTEN SWANSON’S THEORY
III. Caring for self and others OF CARING AND HEALING
A. Self-Care Theory
This theory states that caring proceeds in a sequence of five
• Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
categories: knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and
• Theory of Nursing System
maintaining belief. When applied to nursing practice, each of
B. Key Concepts of Three Interlocking
these five stages stimulates the caregiver’s attitude and
• Care, Cure, Core Theory of Lydia Hall
improves the overall patient well-being. The theory aims at
C. Theory of Feminine Morality Gilligan’s stages of
helping nursing personnel to deliver care that promotes
moral development.
dignity, respect, and empowerment. This model was framed
to ensure consistent caring behaviors which would, in turn,
CONTENT improve patient satisfaction.
I. CARING PRACTICE MODEL
A. JEAN WATSON THEORY OF CARING DEFINITIONS & CONCEPTS:
Jean Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring is concerned Caring: a nurturing way of relating to a valued other towards
on how nurses express care to their patients. Her theory whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and
stresses humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine responsibility. More specifically, caring is growth and health-
with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. producing (nurturing) occurs in relationships (relating) to the
one cared-for (a valued other); individualized and intimate
The nursing model states that “nursing is concerned with (personal), with a sense of commitment (passion),
promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and accountability and duty (responsibility). Together with this,
restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as nurturing is delivered as a set of interrelated processes that
the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is evolve from the nurse’s own convictions, knowledge, and
central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than interaction with a patient. The caring process: being with,
a simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief, moreover, are
to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. grounded in real nursing behaviors.
According to her theory, caring can be demonstrated and Maintaining Belief: an orientation to caring begins with a
practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth; a fundamental belief in persons and their capacity to get
caring environment accepts a person as he or she is, and through events and transitions and face their future with
looks to what he or she may become. meaning. Importantly, this conviction is the base or
foundation for the practice of nursing care. Besides,
, NURSING IS AN ART – CARING
whatever health conditions the patient is facing, a nurse cornerstone of enabling is appropriate communication with
believes in her/his the capacity and power to accept or patients and their families. This involves regular and
welcome upcoming days with meaning. frequent contacts with patients, qualified by empathy and
sensitivity to family dynamics, cultural and religious beliefs
Knowing: in knowing, one perceives events according to the and previous experience, along with the nature of illness.
meaning they have in the life of the other. It involves a Communication also embodies providing information,
thorough assessment of all the aspects of a patient’s explanation about the given care, medications, tests, and the
condition and reality, engaging the self or person-hood of overall condition of the patient.
the nurse as well as the patient, in a caring style of approach.
The important nursing behaviors for knowing are; a C. PRACTICE MODEL: VIRGINIA HENDERSON BASIC
humanistic view of the other, nurturing, understanding of NURSING CARE MODEL
his/her situation, analysis, and interpretation, compassion,
The Nursing Need Theory was developed by Virginia
empathy, insight, academic cognition and imagination,
Henderson and was derived from her practice and
assessment and communication skills, respect for individual
education. Henderson’s goal was not to develop a theory of
differences and recognition of the other as a significant
nursing, but rather to define the unique focus of nursing
being. When the process knowing occurs there develops a
practice. The theory emphasizes the importance of
bond of empathy and understanding between the care
increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after
provider and the care recipient.
hospitalization would not be delayed. Her emphasis on basic
human needs as the central focus of nursing practice has led
Being-with: being with, as well as being emotionally present
to further theory development regarding the needs of the
conveys to patients the message that they and their
patient and how nursing can assist in meeting those needs.
experiences are significant to the nurse. Similarly, emotional
presence is a technique by which the nurse shares the
Henderson identifies three major assumptions in her model
meanings, feelings and lived experience of the one-cared for.
of nursing. The first is that “nurses care for a patient until a
The nurse assures the patients of her readiness and
patient can care for him or herself,” though it is not stated
willingness to be in their reality. it’s a side-by-side physical
explicitly. The second assumption states that nurses are
presence of clearly conveying one’s availability. Basically, the
willing to serve and that “nurses will devote themselves to
message is, “you are not alone, what happens to you matters
the patient day and night.” Finally, the third assumption is
to us and we are here for you”.
that nurses should be educated at the college level in both
sciences and arts. The four major concepts addressed in the
Doing for: the real meaning of doing for is found in the
theory are the individual, the environment, health, and
definition of nursing: The unique function of a nurse is to
nursing.
assist the individual, sick of well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that s/he would perform unaided it s/he had FOURTEEN COMPONENTS OF BASIC NURSING CARE:
the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to do this in • Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately.
such a way as to help her/him gain independence as rapidly • Eliminate body wastes.
as possible. In other words, doing for refers to the activities • Move and maintain desirable postures.
in which a nurse engages with patients for what they would • Sleep and rest.
do for themselves if at all it were possible to them. Doing for • Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
as seen in the above definition, involves on the part of the • Maintain body temperature within normal range by
nurse, measures that are performed on behalf of a patient’s adjusting clothing and modifying environment
long term welfare. They include comforting patients, • Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect
anticipating their needs, performing procedures skillfully, the integument
protecting them from harm and ultimately preserving their • Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
human dignity. injuring others.
• Communicate with others in expressing emotions,
Enabling: facilitating the other’s passage through life needs, fears, or opinions.
transitions and unfamiliar events. As in the case of doing for, • Worship according to one’s faith.
enabling fosters an environment of self-healing. Such an
• Work in such a way that there is a sense of
enabling process enhances the patient’s capacity to heal,
accomplishment.
actualize oneself and in particular practice self-care.
• Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
Moreover, self-care animated by intrinsic motivation, self-
• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to
determination and competence are the results of
normal development and health and use the
empowering that means, a nurse by positively altering one’s
available health facilities.
self-concept, knowledge, attitude and skill–level empowers
patients in order to facilitate healing. Even more, the
external environment such as provisions of safety devices,
removal of physical, social or emotional threats or obstacles
also contributes to the healing process. Here, patients are
partners, with knowledge and self-management skills. The
