AQA Biology Paper 2 Verified
homeostasis - ANS-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular
level
nervous system - ANS-A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to
provide a communication network within the human body.
receptors - ANS-Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of
their internal or external environment
stimuli - ANS-Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system
functioning.
coordination centres - ANS-receive and process info from receptors effectors -
ANS-muscles or glands that carry out the correct response to stimuli
nerve - ANS-A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated
connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system
central nervous system - ANS-The brain and spinal cord; CNS
sensory neurones - ANS-nerve cells that carry messages from cells in the sense organs
to the CNS
motor neurones - ANS-Nerve cells that carry messages from the CNS to effectors
gland - ANS-An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or
into the bloodstream.
reflex - ANS-A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk
response. Automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
reflex arc - ANS-nerve pathway in which an impulse crosses only two synapses before
producing a response; stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - relay neurone - motor
,neurone - effector - response
neurotransmitters - ANS-Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between
neurons.
relay neurones - ANS-Nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor
neurones
cerebral cortex - ANS-The part of the brain where information processing takes place.
Divided into four lobes.
medulla - ANS-The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
hypothalamus - ANS-A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
pituitary gland - ANS-The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence
of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
cerebellum - ANS-A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
accommodation - ANS-The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus
near or far objects on the retina.
iris - ANS-A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the
pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
pupil - ANS-The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
cornea - ANS-Clear membrane at the front of the globe covering the iris, pupil, and
anterior chamber. Responsible for 60% of the eye's focusing power.
lens - ANS-The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus
images on the retina.
retina - ANS-The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods
and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
sclera - ANS-Dense fibrous opaque outer coat enclosing the eyeball except the part
, covered by the cornea; The "white" of the eye
ciliary muscle - ANS-muscle that alters the shape of lens to accommodate vision
suspensory ligament - ANS-A series of fibres that hold the lens of the eye in place
optic nerve - ANS-the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
circular muscles - ANS-Muscles found in the iris that contract in bright light and relax in
dim light
radial muscles - ANS-Muscles found in the iris that relax in bright light and contract in
dim light
hyperopia - ANS-A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina
of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also
farsightedness.
myopia - ANS-A condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the
retina of the eye because of defects in the refractive media of the eye or of abnormal
length of the eyeball resulting especially in defective vision of distant objects -- called
also nearsightedness.
convex - ANS-curving outward
b11 - ANS
hormone - ANS-Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine
glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
endocrine system - ANS-Glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
ADH - ANS-Antidiuretic hormone; controls water levels in the blood, causes more water
to be reabsorbed by the kidneys
FSH - ANS-Follicle stimulating hormone; In females, FSH stimulates the ovaries to
develop eggs and secrete oestrogen; in males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
oogenesis - ANS-The production of mature egg cells.
homeostasis - ANS-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular
level
nervous system - ANS-A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to
provide a communication network within the human body.
receptors - ANS-Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of
their internal or external environment
stimuli - ANS-Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system
functioning.
coordination centres - ANS-receive and process info from receptors effectors -
ANS-muscles or glands that carry out the correct response to stimuli
nerve - ANS-A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated
connective tissue coursing together outside the central nervous system
central nervous system - ANS-The brain and spinal cord; CNS
sensory neurones - ANS-nerve cells that carry messages from cells in the sense organs
to the CNS
motor neurones - ANS-Nerve cells that carry messages from the CNS to effectors
gland - ANS-An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or
into the bloodstream.
reflex - ANS-A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk
response. Automatic and rapid; they do not involve the conscious part of the brain.
reflex arc - ANS-nerve pathway in which an impulse crosses only two synapses before
producing a response; stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - relay neurone - motor
,neurone - effector - response
neurotransmitters - ANS-Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between
neurons.
relay neurones - ANS-Nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor
neurones
cerebral cortex - ANS-The part of the brain where information processing takes place.
Divided into four lobes.
medulla - ANS-The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
hypothalamus - ANS-A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
pituitary gland - ANS-The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence
of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
cerebellum - ANS-A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
accommodation - ANS-The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus
near or far objects on the retina.
iris - ANS-A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the
pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
pupil - ANS-The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
cornea - ANS-Clear membrane at the front of the globe covering the iris, pupil, and
anterior chamber. Responsible for 60% of the eye's focusing power.
lens - ANS-The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus
images on the retina.
retina - ANS-The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods
and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
sclera - ANS-Dense fibrous opaque outer coat enclosing the eyeball except the part
, covered by the cornea; The "white" of the eye
ciliary muscle - ANS-muscle that alters the shape of lens to accommodate vision
suspensory ligament - ANS-A series of fibres that hold the lens of the eye in place
optic nerve - ANS-the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
circular muscles - ANS-Muscles found in the iris that contract in bright light and relax in
dim light
radial muscles - ANS-Muscles found in the iris that relax in bright light and contract in
dim light
hyperopia - ANS-A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina
of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also
farsightedness.
myopia - ANS-A condition in which the visual images come to a focus in front of the
retina of the eye because of defects in the refractive media of the eye or of abnormal
length of the eyeball resulting especially in defective vision of distant objects -- called
also nearsightedness.
convex - ANS-curving outward
b11 - ANS
hormone - ANS-Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine
glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
endocrine system - ANS-Glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as
growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
ADH - ANS-Antidiuretic hormone; controls water levels in the blood, causes more water
to be reabsorbed by the kidneys
FSH - ANS-Follicle stimulating hormone; In females, FSH stimulates the ovaries to
develop eggs and secrete oestrogen; in males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
oogenesis - ANS-The production of mature egg cells.
