Human Physiology, Stuart Ira Fox Chapter 5| Questions
and Answers
Liver converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA and then into ________ that circulate in blood
*** ketone bodies
If more amino acids are consumed than are needed, the excess can be used for energy
or converted into ________ *** carbohydrates and fat
Metabolism *** all the reactions in the body that require energy transfer
Catabolism *** breaks down molecules and releases energy
Anabolism *** makes larger molecules and requires energy
T/F: Catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids serve as energy source for
ATP anabolism *** TRUE
Glucose-6-phosphatase *** An enzyme in the liver that removes the phosphate so
glucose can enter the bloodstream
In the Kreb's Cycle, pyruvic acid converts to ________ when there is no oxygen ***
lactic acid
ketosis *** an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood
Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) occurs where? *** mitochondrial matrix; aerobic
reaction
electron transport chain occurs where? *** cristae of mitochondria inner membrane;
aerobic reaction
Glycolysis *** metabolic pathway by which glucose is split into 2 pyruvates; anaerobic
Glycolysis converts 1 glucose molecule into how many molecules of pyruvic acid? ***
2
In absence of oxygen, NADH gives its Hs (e) to pyruvate creating ________ *** lactic
acid
Lactic Acid Pathway *** when there is no oxygen to complete the breakdown of
glucose, NADH has to give its electrons to pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation
of NAD and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
, Lactic acid pathway occurs in the skeletal and heart muscle when oxygen supply falls
below critical level and during ________ or ________ *** heavy exercise; vascular
blockage
pyruvic acid + coenzyme A yields ________ *** Acetyl coenzyme A
How does the Kreb's cycle begin? *** with acetyl coA combining with oxaloacetic acid
to form citric acid
How many carbons molecules are released in the Kreb's cycle? *** 4
The Kreb's cycle produces ________ *** 6 NADH; 2 FADH2; 2 ATP; 4 CO2
oxidative phosphorylation *** Energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP
chemiosmotic theory *** A model to explain the synthesis of ATP; H+s diffuse down
their concentration through ATP synthase, into inner chamber (their energy drives ATP
synthesis)
O2 + 4e + 4H -> 2H2O *** formula for water reaction in the body
Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation *** where ATP is generated when bonds
break; both ATPs in glycolysis made this way; 2 ATPs per glucose in Kreb's made this
way
How many ATPs are made through oxidative phosphorylation? *** 30-32
Gluconeogenesis *** The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as
amino acid and lactic acid primarily by the liver
Lipogenesis *** the formation of triglycerides (fat), primarily in adipose tissue
Lipolysis *** breakdown of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue
Glycogenesis *** production of glycogen from glucose when the glucose in the blood
exceeds the demand, mostly in skeletal muscles in liver
Cori Cycle *** Lactic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid
and then glucose
fatty acids + glycerol *** fat (triglycerides)
What is the major form of energy storage in the body? *** fat
Fat yields how many kilocalories/g? *** 9
and Answers
Liver converts fatty acids into acetyl CoA and then into ________ that circulate in blood
*** ketone bodies
If more amino acids are consumed than are needed, the excess can be used for energy
or converted into ________ *** carbohydrates and fat
Metabolism *** all the reactions in the body that require energy transfer
Catabolism *** breaks down molecules and releases energy
Anabolism *** makes larger molecules and requires energy
T/F: Catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids serve as energy source for
ATP anabolism *** TRUE
Glucose-6-phosphatase *** An enzyme in the liver that removes the phosphate so
glucose can enter the bloodstream
In the Kreb's Cycle, pyruvic acid converts to ________ when there is no oxygen ***
lactic acid
ketosis *** an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood
Citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) occurs where? *** mitochondrial matrix; aerobic
reaction
electron transport chain occurs where? *** cristae of mitochondria inner membrane;
aerobic reaction
Glycolysis *** metabolic pathway by which glucose is split into 2 pyruvates; anaerobic
Glycolysis converts 1 glucose molecule into how many molecules of pyruvic acid? ***
2
In absence of oxygen, NADH gives its Hs (e) to pyruvate creating ________ *** lactic
acid
Lactic Acid Pathway *** when there is no oxygen to complete the breakdown of
glucose, NADH has to give its electrons to pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation
of NAD and the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
, Lactic acid pathway occurs in the skeletal and heart muscle when oxygen supply falls
below critical level and during ________ or ________ *** heavy exercise; vascular
blockage
pyruvic acid + coenzyme A yields ________ *** Acetyl coenzyme A
How does the Kreb's cycle begin? *** with acetyl coA combining with oxaloacetic acid
to form citric acid
How many carbons molecules are released in the Kreb's cycle? *** 4
The Kreb's cycle produces ________ *** 6 NADH; 2 FADH2; 2 ATP; 4 CO2
oxidative phosphorylation *** Energy is used to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP
chemiosmotic theory *** A model to explain the synthesis of ATP; H+s diffuse down
their concentration through ATP synthase, into inner chamber (their energy drives ATP
synthesis)
O2 + 4e + 4H -> 2H2O *** formula for water reaction in the body
Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation *** where ATP is generated when bonds
break; both ATPs in glycolysis made this way; 2 ATPs per glucose in Kreb's made this
way
How many ATPs are made through oxidative phosphorylation? *** 30-32
Gluconeogenesis *** The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as
amino acid and lactic acid primarily by the liver
Lipogenesis *** the formation of triglycerides (fat), primarily in adipose tissue
Lipolysis *** breakdown of triglycerides, primarily in adipose tissue
Glycogenesis *** production of glycogen from glucose when the glucose in the blood
exceeds the demand, mostly in skeletal muscles in liver
Cori Cycle *** Lactic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid
and then glucose
fatty acids + glycerol *** fat (triglycerides)
What is the major form of energy storage in the body? *** fat
Fat yields how many kilocalories/g? *** 9
