Nursing Pathophysiology Final Exam Review
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. **** Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient
with: **** Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach
surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What
acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? **** Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? **** Atrial fibrillation
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: ****
Ventricular activity
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for
hyperkalemia? **** metabolic acidosis
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? **** hyperventilation
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician
identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes
would be
referred to as: **** Pathologic hyperplasia
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the
patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when
describing
malignant cells? **** Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
,A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: **** can spread far from the
tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer
does he
have? **** adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an
increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: **** Increase in size
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: **** programmed cell death
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell **** size
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The
instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks
for
cancer? **** -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor
marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker? **** Enzymes
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of
bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result
in
which of the following forms of necrosis? **** caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: **** Two-thirds of the body's
water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular
compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body
weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is
correct to state that:
, A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. **** C) Water moves
freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability
to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is
the major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: **** It is a hormone that is
secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is
located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium
is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium
reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it:
**** Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore,
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in
sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms
associated with this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is
generally: **** An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can
occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur
with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum
potassium)? **** It often occurs in acidosis.
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis,
hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and
serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increase in aldosterone
would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases
Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and
bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing: **** metabolic acidosis.
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. **** Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient
with: **** Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach
surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What
acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? **** Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? **** Atrial fibrillation
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: ****
Ventricular activity
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for
hyperkalemia? **** metabolic acidosis
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? **** hyperventilation
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician
identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes
would be
referred to as: **** Pathologic hyperplasia
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the
patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when
describing
malignant cells? **** Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
,A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: **** can spread far from the
tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer
does he
have? **** adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an
increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: **** Increase in size
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: **** programmed cell death
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell **** size
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The
instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks
for
cancer? **** -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor
marker.
Which of the following could be a possible marker? **** Enzymes
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of
bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result
in
which of the following forms of necrosis? **** caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: **** Two-thirds of the body's
water is intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular
compartment: interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body
weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is
correct to state that:
, A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. **** C) Water moves
freely across the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability
to water at the capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is
the major ICF cation; this is due to the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: **** It is a hormone that is
secreted when sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is
located on the kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium
is decreased. Therefore, it makes sense that aldosterone increases sodium
reabsorption to increase a depleted supply. It also increases potassium secretion.
When discussing hyperchloremia (elevated serum chlorine), it is correct to state that it:
**** Is a result of an underlying disorder.
Rationale: Hyperchloremia is usually related to an underlying disorder, and therefore,
treatment is centered on the underlying disorder. It usually occurs with an increase in
sodium and a deficit of bicarbonate. There are normally no specific symptoms
associated with this syndrome.
When discussing hyponatremia (low serum sodium), it is correct to state that it is
generally: **** An outcome of serious burns, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Rationale: Hyponatremia occurs when the serum sodium drops below 135 mEq/L. It can
occur due to burns, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning. It can also occur
with an increase in TBW. Inadequate sodium intake can cause hyponatremia, but it is
uncommon.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hyperkalemia (elevated serum
potassium)? **** It often occurs in acidosis.
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (high potassium) often occurs with acidosis. During acidosis,
hydrogen is taken up in the cell. When this occurs, it is exchanged for potassium and
serum potassium rises. Dietary excesses are uncommon. An increase in aldosterone
would cause hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia, because aldosterone increases
Na+ reabsorption while increasing K+ secretion into the renal tubule.
A patient has deep and rapid respirations. Laboratory tests reveal decreased pH and
bicarbonate. This patient is experiencing: **** metabolic acidosis.
