BIO 213 Howell FInal Exam (2021) UPDATED
Define anatomy. *** the study of the structures
Define physiology. *** study of the function
Define homeostasis. *** the steady state of the internal environment of an organism
How many cells are in your body? *** 100 trillion
How big is the average body cell? *** 50-80 micrometers
How many organ systems are in our body? *** 11
How many bones do we have? *** 210
Approximately how many muscles do we have? *** 640
superior/inferior *** above/below
medial/lateral *** toward the midline/away from the midline
ventral/dorsal *** belly side/backside
anterior/posterior *** front and back
proximal/distal *** closer to trunk/further from trunk
sagittal plane ***
transverse plane ***
frontal plane ***
oblique plane ***
longitudinal plane ***
What are the major body cavities? *** pleural, abdominal, pelvic, mediastinum,
pericardial
What major organs are found in the thoracic cavity? *** heart and lungs
What major organ is found in the pericardial cavity? *** heart
, What major organ is found in the pleural cavity? *** lungs
What major organs is found in the abdominal cavity? *** intestines and bladder
What major organs are found in the pelvic cavity? *** bladder and ovaries (female)
What is negative feedback? *** a correcting mechanism to keep a variable within a
desired range
What is an example of negative feedback? *** maintaining glucose levels
What is positive feedback? *** initiates a response that amplifies the original stimulus
What is an example of positive feedback? *** labor and delivery, blood clotting
What are the assertions of the cell theory? *** all living things are made of cells and
thus are the basic unit of life
What are the membranous cellular organelles? *** cell membrane, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
What are the non-membranous cellular organelles? *** ribosomes, the cytoskeleton,
the cell wall, centrosomes, and the centrioles
What are the four tissue types? *** epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the types of body membranes? *** mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
What defines a body membrane? *** they are simple organs composed of epithelial
and connective tissues and they line and cover body surfaces to form barriers
What are the major functions of the integumentary system? *** protection, excretion,
temperature regulation, nutrient storage, vitamin D3 synthesis, sensory detection
What is the function of the epidermis? *** protection from abrasive forces, protection
from elements, prevents entry of pathogens, prevents dehydration
What is the function of the dermis? *** binds the epidermis to underlying tissues
enables skin to resist tearing
What is the function of the hypodermis? *** insulates, nutrient storage, packing
material, stabilize the skin relative to deeper structures, blood reservoir-MUCH thicker
than epidermis and dermis
Define anatomy. *** the study of the structures
Define physiology. *** study of the function
Define homeostasis. *** the steady state of the internal environment of an organism
How many cells are in your body? *** 100 trillion
How big is the average body cell? *** 50-80 micrometers
How many organ systems are in our body? *** 11
How many bones do we have? *** 210
Approximately how many muscles do we have? *** 640
superior/inferior *** above/below
medial/lateral *** toward the midline/away from the midline
ventral/dorsal *** belly side/backside
anterior/posterior *** front and back
proximal/distal *** closer to trunk/further from trunk
sagittal plane ***
transverse plane ***
frontal plane ***
oblique plane ***
longitudinal plane ***
What are the major body cavities? *** pleural, abdominal, pelvic, mediastinum,
pericardial
What major organs are found in the thoracic cavity? *** heart and lungs
What major organ is found in the pericardial cavity? *** heart
, What major organ is found in the pleural cavity? *** lungs
What major organs is found in the abdominal cavity? *** intestines and bladder
What major organs are found in the pelvic cavity? *** bladder and ovaries (female)
What is negative feedback? *** a correcting mechanism to keep a variable within a
desired range
What is an example of negative feedback? *** maintaining glucose levels
What is positive feedback? *** initiates a response that amplifies the original stimulus
What is an example of positive feedback? *** labor and delivery, blood clotting
What are the assertions of the cell theory? *** all living things are made of cells and
thus are the basic unit of life
What are the membranous cellular organelles? *** cell membrane, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
What are the non-membranous cellular organelles? *** ribosomes, the cytoskeleton,
the cell wall, centrosomes, and the centrioles
What are the four tissue types? *** epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the types of body membranes? *** mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial
What defines a body membrane? *** they are simple organs composed of epithelial
and connective tissues and they line and cover body surfaces to form barriers
What are the major functions of the integumentary system? *** protection, excretion,
temperature regulation, nutrient storage, vitamin D3 synthesis, sensory detection
What is the function of the epidermis? *** protection from abrasive forces, protection
from elements, prevents entry of pathogens, prevents dehydration
What is the function of the dermis? *** binds the epidermis to underlying tissues
enables skin to resist tearing
What is the function of the hypodermis? *** insulates, nutrient storage, packing
material, stabilize the skin relative to deeper structures, blood reservoir-MUCH thicker
than epidermis and dermis
