MLPAO exam review Questions and Answers
Updated 2024/2025| Complete Verified
Solution100%
. . A patient's coagulation testing results include an INR of 2.0, PT of 18.0
seconds, and PTT of 65 seconds. A physician calling for the results should be:
b. Given the results of the PT, PTT and INR
Extraneous organisms
- enters from the outside
Coomb's Tests -
● Combs direct- is used to detect immunoglobulins (IgG) on the surface of the red blood
cells to investigate transfusion reaction
● Combs indirect- this test will evaluate the possibility of transfusion reactions, and can
detect and identify antibodies in the serum of potential blood donors and transfusion
recipients
Quantitative results -
research techniques that are used to gather quantitative data ie how many, how long.
Inspissation -
To undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense
Mean median and mode -
● statistics
● mean - average
● median - middle number
● mode - occurs most often
Vein choices -
● Median cubital - middle of antecubital space, does not roll
● Cephalic vein - thumb space
● Basilic vein - baby finger
Quality control
●
,Is system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a sample of the
output against the specification
Factors affecting ESR results
● Red Blood Cells
● Plasma
● Mechanical and Technical Errors
● The ESR must be perpendicular
● A tilt of 3 degrees can cause errors of up to 30%
● No movement or vibration
● Non-technical like anemia and inflammation
Operations of a hot air oven -
● Dry heat ovens are used to sterilize articles that cannot be penetrated by steam or
may be damaged by it
● A longer exposure period is needed because microorganisms and spores are more
resistant to dry heat than to moist heat and because dry heat penetrates more slowly
and unevenly than moist heat.
● 160 Celsius for 1-2 hours
Fixatives in histology -
● Methanol
● Ethanol
● Bouin
● Zenkers
The Coulter principle
- the coulter instruments are all based on the principles of electronic volumetric sizing
and electronic one by one volumetric counting of cells.
Methods for cleaning glassware -
● hot air oven 160 Celsius for 1-2 hours
● Autoclave- sterilization by moist heat under pressure. It is the most reliable and
sterilization occurs at a lower temp and a shorter time period. 250 Fahrenheit and 15 lbs
psi for 20-30 mins. ● Beakers on their sides
● Articles that are wrapped are sterile for 4 weeks.
,Use of disinfectants in the laboratory -
All spills of blood should be properly cleaned using products registered by CEPA
and be effective against HIV and HBV
1. 1% Hypo- must be made daily
2. 2% glutaraldehyde- used on most metal surfaces
3. Formaldehyde- used to disinfect large areas
4. Phenols- should not be used in laboratories as they are low level disinfectants
Background counts using Coulter equipment -
● Background checks are run on the Isotone (diluent) to make sure there are no
particles present that would interfere and be counted as cells
ESR techniques -
● Non-specific measure of inflammation and is commonly used as a medical screening
test ● To perform the test, anticoagulated blood is placed in an upright tube, known as
Westergren tube and the rate at which the blood cells fall is measured in mm/h
● The ESR is increased by any cause or focus or inflammation. The ESR is
decreased in Sickle Cell Anemia, polycythemia and congestive heart failure.
Reference Ranges
Age <50 years
Men 0 to 15 mm/h
Women 0 to 20 mm/h
Age >50 years
Men 0 to 20 mm/h
Women 0 to 30 mm/h
Store strong oxidizers and strong reducing agents
protect from shock, bright sunlight and heat
Organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, toluene etc.
should be kept in small quantities only, store in metal containers in cool areas of the lab.
Solvents are extreme fire hazards, vapour may travel to areas where burner flames are
used and cause flash back.
Ether should be stored
, in full, air tight, amber glass bottles or safety cans in the dark ● Sodium and potassium
metal and their hydroxides catch fire spontaneously when exposed to water, they must
be kept dry and stored away from any water source, store in plastic not in glass or
bottles
Picric aced is
explosive when dry, keep under water (brazil fixative ;used in histology contain picric
therefore the above rules apply)
Mercury forms a toxic vapour at room temperature. It is stored
. It is stored tight containers away from direct sunlight and kept as cold as possible.
Acids are stored in
glass stopper bottles 500 ml or less, on a glass drip tray. Larger volumes should be kept
at floor level. Acids is not sored with alkalis or other reactive chemicals. ●
Ammoniacal silver
forms explosive precipitates upon standing. Make the amount needed for your
procedure and discard the rest ..do not sort this compound.
Formalin and formaldehyde -
● 40% normal
● Formaldehyde - Gas
mixed with H2O to make formalin (commercial)
● Formalin is the best
fixative for the nervous system - it is a medium speed fixative, tissues not thicker than 4
mm ( Unsuitable for electron microscopy)
In blood tissue, unbuffered formalin leads
to formation of dark- brown pigment granules
Tissue processing - 12 steps
● Gross examination
● Fixation
● Decalcification - 5 steps, selection, fixation, decalcification, neutralization of acid by
washing
● Dehydrate
● Clearing
Updated 2024/2025| Complete Verified
Solution100%
. . A patient's coagulation testing results include an INR of 2.0, PT of 18.0
seconds, and PTT of 65 seconds. A physician calling for the results should be:
b. Given the results of the PT, PTT and INR
Extraneous organisms
- enters from the outside
Coomb's Tests -
● Combs direct- is used to detect immunoglobulins (IgG) on the surface of the red blood
cells to investigate transfusion reaction
● Combs indirect- this test will evaluate the possibility of transfusion reactions, and can
detect and identify antibodies in the serum of potential blood donors and transfusion
recipients
Quantitative results -
research techniques that are used to gather quantitative data ie how many, how long.
Inspissation -
To undergo thickening or cause to thicken, as by boiling or evaporation; condense
Mean median and mode -
● statistics
● mean - average
● median - middle number
● mode - occurs most often
Vein choices -
● Median cubital - middle of antecubital space, does not roll
● Cephalic vein - thumb space
● Basilic vein - baby finger
Quality control
●
,Is system of maintaining standards in manufactured products by testing a sample of the
output against the specification
Factors affecting ESR results
● Red Blood Cells
● Plasma
● Mechanical and Technical Errors
● The ESR must be perpendicular
● A tilt of 3 degrees can cause errors of up to 30%
● No movement or vibration
● Non-technical like anemia and inflammation
Operations of a hot air oven -
● Dry heat ovens are used to sterilize articles that cannot be penetrated by steam or
may be damaged by it
● A longer exposure period is needed because microorganisms and spores are more
resistant to dry heat than to moist heat and because dry heat penetrates more slowly
and unevenly than moist heat.
● 160 Celsius for 1-2 hours
Fixatives in histology -
● Methanol
● Ethanol
● Bouin
● Zenkers
The Coulter principle
- the coulter instruments are all based on the principles of electronic volumetric sizing
and electronic one by one volumetric counting of cells.
Methods for cleaning glassware -
● hot air oven 160 Celsius for 1-2 hours
● Autoclave- sterilization by moist heat under pressure. It is the most reliable and
sterilization occurs at a lower temp and a shorter time period. 250 Fahrenheit and 15 lbs
psi for 20-30 mins. ● Beakers on their sides
● Articles that are wrapped are sterile for 4 weeks.
,Use of disinfectants in the laboratory -
All spills of blood should be properly cleaned using products registered by CEPA
and be effective against HIV and HBV
1. 1% Hypo- must be made daily
2. 2% glutaraldehyde- used on most metal surfaces
3. Formaldehyde- used to disinfect large areas
4. Phenols- should not be used in laboratories as they are low level disinfectants
Background counts using Coulter equipment -
● Background checks are run on the Isotone (diluent) to make sure there are no
particles present that would interfere and be counted as cells
ESR techniques -
● Non-specific measure of inflammation and is commonly used as a medical screening
test ● To perform the test, anticoagulated blood is placed in an upright tube, known as
Westergren tube and the rate at which the blood cells fall is measured in mm/h
● The ESR is increased by any cause or focus or inflammation. The ESR is
decreased in Sickle Cell Anemia, polycythemia and congestive heart failure.
Reference Ranges
Age <50 years
Men 0 to 15 mm/h
Women 0 to 20 mm/h
Age >50 years
Men 0 to 20 mm/h
Women 0 to 30 mm/h
Store strong oxidizers and strong reducing agents
protect from shock, bright sunlight and heat
Organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, toluene etc.
should be kept in small quantities only, store in metal containers in cool areas of the lab.
Solvents are extreme fire hazards, vapour may travel to areas where burner flames are
used and cause flash back.
Ether should be stored
, in full, air tight, amber glass bottles or safety cans in the dark ● Sodium and potassium
metal and their hydroxides catch fire spontaneously when exposed to water, they must
be kept dry and stored away from any water source, store in plastic not in glass or
bottles
Picric aced is
explosive when dry, keep under water (brazil fixative ;used in histology contain picric
therefore the above rules apply)
Mercury forms a toxic vapour at room temperature. It is stored
. It is stored tight containers away from direct sunlight and kept as cold as possible.
Acids are stored in
glass stopper bottles 500 ml or less, on a glass drip tray. Larger volumes should be kept
at floor level. Acids is not sored with alkalis or other reactive chemicals. ●
Ammoniacal silver
forms explosive precipitates upon standing. Make the amount needed for your
procedure and discard the rest ..do not sort this compound.
Formalin and formaldehyde -
● 40% normal
● Formaldehyde - Gas
mixed with H2O to make formalin (commercial)
● Formalin is the best
fixative for the nervous system - it is a medium speed fixative, tissues not thicker than 4
mm ( Unsuitable for electron microscopy)
In blood tissue, unbuffered formalin leads
to formation of dark- brown pigment granules
Tissue processing - 12 steps
● Gross examination
● Fixation
● Decalcification - 5 steps, selection, fixation, decalcification, neutralization of acid by
washing
● Dehydrate
● Clearing
