NRNP 6566 Acute Respiratory Failure ( A+
GRADED 100% VERIFIED) LATEST 2024
What is the most common type of Resp. failure?
Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Define Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
severe arterial hypoxemia refractory to supplemental O2 with partial pressure of arterial
O2 (PaO2) <60mm Hg or arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) < 90%.
What is the physiology of Acute Hypoxic RF?
It is due to alveolar flooding and intrapulmonary shunting.
Name the pathophysiology derangements in acute hypoxic RF?
-low inspired O2 partial pressure
-alveolar hypoventilation
-diffusion impairment
-ventilation-perfusion mismatch
-right to left shunt
What accompanies Type I RF?
Hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in bloodstream) with arterial pH < 7.25.
Name the signs and symptoms of hypoxia.
Anxiety, arrhythmias, bradycardia or tachycardia, confusion increasing to somnolence,
cyanosis, dyspnea, hypocapnia (initially), restlessness, tachypnea and tremor.
Name the signs and symptoms of hypercapnia.
Asterixis, dyspnea, headache, hypertension, impaired consciousness, papilledema,
peripheral and conjuntival hyperemia, tachycardia and tachypnea.
Define asterixis.
A clinical sign that describes the inability to maintain sustained posture with subsequent
brief, shock-like, involuntary movements.
List the diagnostic considerations for for RF Type I.
, Arterial blood gases (ABGs)s including evaluation of the A-a gradient.
■CXR or CT to evaluate patients for infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic disease. For
example, severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP; bacterial or viral) can be
visualized by radiographic tests. Radiographic tests can help to confirm diagnostic
suspicions and can facilitate an appropriate treatment plan.
■Complete blood count (CBC) with differential to evaluate for infection/inflammatory
conditions.
■Cultures including blood, sputum, and urine, SARS-CoV2 testing and serology. Serum
chemistries including bicarbonate and electrolytes, inflammatory markers—lactic acid
level, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine phosphokinase, and procalcitonin.
■EKG and echocardiogram to evaluate for cardiogenic etiologies.
■Bronchoscopy may be utilized for diagnostic purposes through biopsy or cultures.
■Pulmonary function studies (PFTs) to evaluate overall lung function.
List the differential diagnoses for the pulmonary system with Type I RF.
•Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
•Alveolar hemorrhage
•Asthma
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
•Interstitial fibrosis
•Lung injury
•Pneumonia
•Pneumothorax
•Pulmonary edema
•Pulmonary embolism
•Pulmonary hypertension
•Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
List the differential diagnoses for the non-pulmonary system with Type I RF.
•Blood transfusions
•Gastric aspiration
•Heart failure
•Intravascular volume overload
GRADED 100% VERIFIED) LATEST 2024
What is the most common type of Resp. failure?
Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Define Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
severe arterial hypoxemia refractory to supplemental O2 with partial pressure of arterial
O2 (PaO2) <60mm Hg or arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) < 90%.
What is the physiology of Acute Hypoxic RF?
It is due to alveolar flooding and intrapulmonary shunting.
Name the pathophysiology derangements in acute hypoxic RF?
-low inspired O2 partial pressure
-alveolar hypoventilation
-diffusion impairment
-ventilation-perfusion mismatch
-right to left shunt
What accompanies Type I RF?
Hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in bloodstream) with arterial pH < 7.25.
Name the signs and symptoms of hypoxia.
Anxiety, arrhythmias, bradycardia or tachycardia, confusion increasing to somnolence,
cyanosis, dyspnea, hypocapnia (initially), restlessness, tachypnea and tremor.
Name the signs and symptoms of hypercapnia.
Asterixis, dyspnea, headache, hypertension, impaired consciousness, papilledema,
peripheral and conjuntival hyperemia, tachycardia and tachypnea.
Define asterixis.
A clinical sign that describes the inability to maintain sustained posture with subsequent
brief, shock-like, involuntary movements.
List the diagnostic considerations for for RF Type I.
, Arterial blood gases (ABGs)s including evaluation of the A-a gradient.
■CXR or CT to evaluate patients for infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic disease. For
example, severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP; bacterial or viral) can be
visualized by radiographic tests. Radiographic tests can help to confirm diagnostic
suspicions and can facilitate an appropriate treatment plan.
■Complete blood count (CBC) with differential to evaluate for infection/inflammatory
conditions.
■Cultures including blood, sputum, and urine, SARS-CoV2 testing and serology. Serum
chemistries including bicarbonate and electrolytes, inflammatory markers—lactic acid
level, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine phosphokinase, and procalcitonin.
■EKG and echocardiogram to evaluate for cardiogenic etiologies.
■Bronchoscopy may be utilized for diagnostic purposes through biopsy or cultures.
■Pulmonary function studies (PFTs) to evaluate overall lung function.
List the differential diagnoses for the pulmonary system with Type I RF.
•Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
•Alveolar hemorrhage
•Asthma
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
•Interstitial fibrosis
•Lung injury
•Pneumonia
•Pneumothorax
•Pulmonary edema
•Pulmonary embolism
•Pulmonary hypertension
•Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
List the differential diagnoses for the non-pulmonary system with Type I RF.
•Blood transfusions
•Gastric aspiration
•Heart failure
•Intravascular volume overload
