(Summary) MDC 4 NUR2755 FINAL EXAM,
Updated 2024, With Complete Solution.
Alzheimer's Mild Stage
-Forgets names; misplaces household items
-Has short-term memory loss and difficulty recalling new information
-Shows subtle changes in personality and behavior
Alzheimer's Moderate Stage
-Is disoriented to time, place, and event
-Has difficulty driving and gets lost
-Incontinent
-Psychotic behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia
-Episodes of wandering, trouble sleeping
Alzheimer's Late Stage
-Totally incapacitated; bedridden
-Totally dependent in ADLs
-Has agnosia
-Hallucinations
-Incontinence
-Difficulty eating
Apraxia
Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements
Aphasia
Inability to speak or understand language
Anomia
Inability to recall the names of everyday objects
Agnosia
Loss of sensory comprehension, including facial recognition
Alzheimer's diagnostics
-No laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of AD
-Definitive diagnosis is made on the basis of brain tissue examination at autopsy, which
confirms the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques
Alzheimer's medications
Cholinesterase inhibitors- Donepezil, galantamine
NMDA receptor antagonists- Memantine
Parkinson's symptoms
-Slow, shuffling, and propulsive gait
-RESTING tremors
-Muscle rigidity
-Bradykinesia/akinesia (loss of ability to move muscles voluntarily)
-Mask Like face
-Drooling
-Postural instability
,Parkinson's diagnostics
-Diagnosis typically made based on manifestations, their progression, and by ruling out
other disease
-Analysis of CSF may show a decrease in dopamine levels
Parkinson's medications
Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)
Parkinson's surgical interventions
Stereotactic pallidotomy or thalamotomy
Migraine triggers
-Caffeine
-Red wine
-MSG
-Foods high in tyramine (aged cheeses, cultured food like yogurt)
Migraine abortive therapy
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, triptans, ergotamine derivatives
Migraine preventative therapy
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics, Botox
Migraine surgical treatment
Trigeminal nerve resection
Aura symptoms
-Visual disturbances
-Flashing lights/lines/spots
-Numbness of lips or tongue
-Acute confused state
-Aphasia
-Vertigo
-Unilateral weakness*
-Offensive smell
-"Deja vu" feeling
Multiple sclerosis clinical manifestations
-Muscle weakness and spasticity
-Intention tremors (tremor when performing an activity)
-Diplopia (double vision)
-Nystagmus (an involuntary condition in which the eyes make repetitive uncontrolled
movements)
-Depression/labile
Multiple sclerosis diagnosis
MRI of the brain and spinal cord demonstrates the presence of plaques in at least 2
areas
Multiple sclerosis medications
-Baclofen
-Disease-modifying therapies
-Interferon beta-1a and beta-1b
-Corticosteroids
Meningitis clinical manifestations
, -Nuchal rigidity
-Kernig Sign
-Brudzinski Sign
-Decreased level of consciousness
-Photosensitivity
Kernig Sign
Resistance and pain with extension of the client's leg from a flexed position
Brudzinski Sign
Flexion of the knees and hips occurring with deliberate flexion of the client's neck
Meningitis diagnostics
Lumbar puncture
Appearance of CSF: cloudy (bacterial) or clear (viral)
Prevention of meningitis
Meningococcal vaccine
Droplet precautions
-Private room
-Stay at least 3 feet away from the patient unless wearing a mask
-Patients who are transported outside the room should wear a mask
-Health care personnel should wear gloves, gown, and mask
Tonic-clonic seizure
Generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has both stiffening of
the muscles (tonic) and rhythmic jerking of the extremities (clonic)
Tonic seizure
Clients suddenly lose consciousness and experience sudden increased muscle tone,
loss of consciousness, and have autonomic manifestations
Clonic seizure
Only the clonic phase is experienced (rhythmic jerking of the extremities)
Myoclonic seizure
Lasting only seconds, myoclonic seizures consist of brief jerking or stiffening of the
extremities, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Atonic or akinetic seizure
Characterized by a few seconds in which muscle tone is lost
Complex partial seizure
-Seizures associated with automatisms (behaviors that the client is unaware of, such as
lip smacking or picking at clothes)
-Can cause loss of consciousness
Simple partial seizure
Seizure where consciousness is maintained
Seizure diagnostics
-Electroencephalogram (EEG)
-CT/MRI
Seizure interventions
-Turn the patient on their side
-Remove objects that may injure the patient
-Suction as needed
Updated 2024, With Complete Solution.
Alzheimer's Mild Stage
-Forgets names; misplaces household items
-Has short-term memory loss and difficulty recalling new information
-Shows subtle changes in personality and behavior
Alzheimer's Moderate Stage
-Is disoriented to time, place, and event
-Has difficulty driving and gets lost
-Incontinent
-Psychotic behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia
-Episodes of wandering, trouble sleeping
Alzheimer's Late Stage
-Totally incapacitated; bedridden
-Totally dependent in ADLs
-Has agnosia
-Hallucinations
-Incontinence
-Difficulty eating
Apraxia
Difficulty with motor planning to perform tasks or movements
Aphasia
Inability to speak or understand language
Anomia
Inability to recall the names of everyday objects
Agnosia
Loss of sensory comprehension, including facial recognition
Alzheimer's diagnostics
-No laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of AD
-Definitive diagnosis is made on the basis of brain tissue examination at autopsy, which
confirms the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques
Alzheimer's medications
Cholinesterase inhibitors- Donepezil, galantamine
NMDA receptor antagonists- Memantine
Parkinson's symptoms
-Slow, shuffling, and propulsive gait
-RESTING tremors
-Muscle rigidity
-Bradykinesia/akinesia (loss of ability to move muscles voluntarily)
-Mask Like face
-Drooling
-Postural instability
,Parkinson's diagnostics
-Diagnosis typically made based on manifestations, their progression, and by ruling out
other disease
-Analysis of CSF may show a decrease in dopamine levels
Parkinson's medications
Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)
Parkinson's surgical interventions
Stereotactic pallidotomy or thalamotomy
Migraine triggers
-Caffeine
-Red wine
-MSG
-Foods high in tyramine (aged cheeses, cultured food like yogurt)
Migraine abortive therapy
Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, triptans, ergotamine derivatives
Migraine preventative therapy
Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics, Botox
Migraine surgical treatment
Trigeminal nerve resection
Aura symptoms
-Visual disturbances
-Flashing lights/lines/spots
-Numbness of lips or tongue
-Acute confused state
-Aphasia
-Vertigo
-Unilateral weakness*
-Offensive smell
-"Deja vu" feeling
Multiple sclerosis clinical manifestations
-Muscle weakness and spasticity
-Intention tremors (tremor when performing an activity)
-Diplopia (double vision)
-Nystagmus (an involuntary condition in which the eyes make repetitive uncontrolled
movements)
-Depression/labile
Multiple sclerosis diagnosis
MRI of the brain and spinal cord demonstrates the presence of plaques in at least 2
areas
Multiple sclerosis medications
-Baclofen
-Disease-modifying therapies
-Interferon beta-1a and beta-1b
-Corticosteroids
Meningitis clinical manifestations
, -Nuchal rigidity
-Kernig Sign
-Brudzinski Sign
-Decreased level of consciousness
-Photosensitivity
Kernig Sign
Resistance and pain with extension of the client's leg from a flexed position
Brudzinski Sign
Flexion of the knees and hips occurring with deliberate flexion of the client's neck
Meningitis diagnostics
Lumbar puncture
Appearance of CSF: cloudy (bacterial) or clear (viral)
Prevention of meningitis
Meningococcal vaccine
Droplet precautions
-Private room
-Stay at least 3 feet away from the patient unless wearing a mask
-Patients who are transported outside the room should wear a mask
-Health care personnel should wear gloves, gown, and mask
Tonic-clonic seizure
Generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has both stiffening of
the muscles (tonic) and rhythmic jerking of the extremities (clonic)
Tonic seizure
Clients suddenly lose consciousness and experience sudden increased muscle tone,
loss of consciousness, and have autonomic manifestations
Clonic seizure
Only the clonic phase is experienced (rhythmic jerking of the extremities)
Myoclonic seizure
Lasting only seconds, myoclonic seizures consist of brief jerking or stiffening of the
extremities, which can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Atonic or akinetic seizure
Characterized by a few seconds in which muscle tone is lost
Complex partial seizure
-Seizures associated with automatisms (behaviors that the client is unaware of, such as
lip smacking or picking at clothes)
-Can cause loss of consciousness
Simple partial seizure
Seizure where consciousness is maintained
Seizure diagnostics
-Electroencephalogram (EEG)
-CT/MRI
Seizure interventions
-Turn the patient on their side
-Remove objects that may injure the patient
-Suction as needed
