Microbiology Infection & epidemiology
Adhesions - ✅✅ -some bacteria possess multiple types of adhesions.
Bordetella each binds to a different type of receptor. Allows pathogen to attack
more than one cell type. Some pathogens change their adhesion over time.
Bacteria and viruses can lose the ability to make ligands.
airborne transmission - ✅✅-The spread of an organism in aerosol form.
Cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in air.
Antiphagocytic chemicals - ✅✅ -Prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic
vesicles
Leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells
Antiphagocytic factors - ✅✅-virulence factors that help pathogens to avoid
phagocytes
Antitoxins -✅✅ -antibodies against specific toxins. Bind to a neutralize
toxins, stimulated by immunization with toxoids
Bacterial capsules - ✅✅ -can act as antiphagocytic factors. Many are
composed of chemicals normally found in the host body. Difficult for
phagocytes to surround slippery capsules.
Biofilms -✅✅ -Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to
environmental surfaces.
Biological vector -✅✅ -disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito,
or fly, that spreads infectious disease
Bodily fluid transmission - ✅✅ -Spread of pathogenic microorganisms via
blood, urine, saliva, or other bodily fluids.
Clositridium botulinum - ✅✅-Among moth lethal known toxins. Results in
paralysis
✅✅
clositridium tetani - -causes tetanus (lockjaw). Blocks the relaxation
pathway that should follow the contraction of a muscle
, Coagulase - ✅✅ -A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot. Blood
clot sticks to bacteria and "hides" them from phagocytosis
Collagenase - ✅✅ -breaks down collagen which forms connective tissue of
host. Allows pathogen to penetrate deeper into host
Contact transmission - ✅✅ -the spread of an agent of disease by direct
contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
Control of HAIs - ✅✅ -Reduce number of pathogens
Handwashing
Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
Cleaning instruments scrupulously
Using disposable bandages and intubation
Infection control committees
Convalescence - ✅✅ -the gradual recovery of health and strength after
illness. Tissues repaired and returned to normal. Dependent on amount of
damage, nature of pathogen, infection site, patient health
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - ✅✅-causes diphtheria. Interferes with protein
synthesis in epithelial cells of URT
Cytokine release - ✅✅ -multiple effects: fever, inflammation, lowered BP,
diarrhea, hemorrhaging
Decline - ✅✅ -failure to reach this stage is fatal. Immune response and
medical treatment defeat the pathogen, may not be entirely removed.
Direct contact transmission - ✅✅-person to person transmission, zootonic
spread. Typically involves body contact between hosts. Involve transmission
within a single host
Disease is sporadic if - ✅✅-when only a few scattered cases occur within an
area
Disease manifestations - ✅✅ -Symptoms (eg. weakness, pain) is subjective,
where as signs/physical findings (eg. abnormal blood test) is objective
Adhesions - ✅✅ -some bacteria possess multiple types of adhesions.
Bordetella each binds to a different type of receptor. Allows pathogen to attack
more than one cell type. Some pathogens change their adhesion over time.
Bacteria and viruses can lose the ability to make ligands.
airborne transmission - ✅✅-The spread of an organism in aerosol form.
Cloud of small droplets and solid particles suspended in air.
Antiphagocytic chemicals - ✅✅ -Prevent fusion of lysosome and phagocytic
vesicles
Leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells
Antiphagocytic factors - ✅✅-virulence factors that help pathogens to avoid
phagocytes
Antitoxins -✅✅ -antibodies against specific toxins. Bind to a neutralize
toxins, stimulated by immunization with toxoids
Bacterial capsules - ✅✅ -can act as antiphagocytic factors. Many are
composed of chemicals normally found in the host body. Difficult for
phagocytes to surround slippery capsules.
Biofilms -✅✅ -Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to
environmental surfaces.
Biological vector -✅✅ -disease-carrying organism, such as a rat, mosquito,
or fly, that spreads infectious disease
Bodily fluid transmission - ✅✅ -Spread of pathogenic microorganisms via
blood, urine, saliva, or other bodily fluids.
Clositridium botulinum - ✅✅-Among moth lethal known toxins. Results in
paralysis
✅✅
clositridium tetani - -causes tetanus (lockjaw). Blocks the relaxation
pathway that should follow the contraction of a muscle
, Coagulase - ✅✅ -A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot. Blood
clot sticks to bacteria and "hides" them from phagocytosis
Collagenase - ✅✅ -breaks down collagen which forms connective tissue of
host. Allows pathogen to penetrate deeper into host
Contact transmission - ✅✅ -the spread of an agent of disease by direct
contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
Control of HAIs - ✅✅ -Reduce number of pathogens
Handwashing
Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
Cleaning instruments scrupulously
Using disposable bandages and intubation
Infection control committees
Convalescence - ✅✅ -the gradual recovery of health and strength after
illness. Tissues repaired and returned to normal. Dependent on amount of
damage, nature of pathogen, infection site, patient health
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - ✅✅-causes diphtheria. Interferes with protein
synthesis in epithelial cells of URT
Cytokine release - ✅✅ -multiple effects: fever, inflammation, lowered BP,
diarrhea, hemorrhaging
Decline - ✅✅ -failure to reach this stage is fatal. Immune response and
medical treatment defeat the pathogen, may not be entirely removed.
Direct contact transmission - ✅✅-person to person transmission, zootonic
spread. Typically involves body contact between hosts. Involve transmission
within a single host
Disease is sporadic if - ✅✅-when only a few scattered cases occur within an
area
Disease manifestations - ✅✅ -Symptoms (eg. weakness, pain) is subjective,
where as signs/physical findings (eg. abnormal blood test) is objective
