Pathology Exam 1
Cellular Adaptation - ✅✅-allows the stressed tissue to survive or
maintain function
Atrophy -✅✅-decrease in cell size
hyertrophy - ✅✅-increase in cell size
Hyperplasia - ✅✅-the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Metaplasia - ✅✅ -reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another less mature cell type
Dysplasia - ✅✅ -a precancerous condition, deranged cellular growth, it
can become neoplasia (cancer cells)
Free radical -✅✅ -an atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired
electron, highly reactive, they become a threat when cells are deprived
of oxygen
Formation of free radicals - ✅✅-normal respiration, radiation,
chemicals, inflammation, metals
oxidative stress -✅✅ -a condition in which the production of oxidants
and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent
damage
What counteracts free radicals? - ✅✅-ANTIOXIDANTS such as
vitamins A, E, C, and beta-carotene
Cellular Death: Necrosis - ✅✅ --Cell injury which results in the
premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis
-*Caused by factors external to the cell or tissue*
Cellular Death: Apoptosis - ✅✅-programmed cell death
, vascular permeability - ✅✅ -characterizes capacity of a blood vessel
wall to allow for the flow of small molecules or cells into and out of a
vessel
Phagocytosis - ✅✅ -A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large
particles or whole cells. Neutrophils do this in early inflammation
Exudate - ✅✅ -fluid that accumulates in a wound; may contain serum,
cellular debris, bacteria, and white blood cells
purulent exudate - ✅✅ -edema fluid that is rich in protein from WBCs,
microbial organisms, and cellular debris; also called pus
Transudate - ✅✅ -edema fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a
watery filtrate of blood (eg, fluid in blister).
acute inflammatory response - ✅✅ -the body's initial reaction to tissue
damage, bringing blood to the site of injury or infection:
- momentary local vasconstriction
- local vasodilatation (hyperemia)
- increase capillary permeability
- fluid exudate (plasma leakage)
- edema
Phases of wound healing - ✅✅ -inflammatory, proliferative (fibroblast
produce collagen), maturation (wound contraction)
skin wounds heal by - ✅✅-primary intention
secondary intention
tertiary intention
Genes to protein - ✅✅ -- RNA is involved in protein synthesis
1. Transcription: messenger RNA (mRNA) moves out of nucleus and into
cytoplasm
2. Translation: polypeptide synthesis interacring with transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Cellular Adaptation - ✅✅-allows the stressed tissue to survive or
maintain function
Atrophy -✅✅-decrease in cell size
hyertrophy - ✅✅-increase in cell size
Hyperplasia - ✅✅-the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an
abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Metaplasia - ✅✅ -reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another less mature cell type
Dysplasia - ✅✅ -a precancerous condition, deranged cellular growth, it
can become neoplasia (cancer cells)
Free radical -✅✅ -an atom or a group of atoms that has one unpaired
electron, highly reactive, they become a threat when cells are deprived
of oxygen
Formation of free radicals - ✅✅-normal respiration, radiation,
chemicals, inflammation, metals
oxidative stress -✅✅ -a condition in which the production of oxidants
and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent
damage
What counteracts free radicals? - ✅✅-ANTIOXIDANTS such as
vitamins A, E, C, and beta-carotene
Cellular Death: Necrosis - ✅✅ --Cell injury which results in the
premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis
-*Caused by factors external to the cell or tissue*
Cellular Death: Apoptosis - ✅✅-programmed cell death
, vascular permeability - ✅✅ -characterizes capacity of a blood vessel
wall to allow for the flow of small molecules or cells into and out of a
vessel
Phagocytosis - ✅✅ -A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large
particles or whole cells. Neutrophils do this in early inflammation
Exudate - ✅✅ -fluid that accumulates in a wound; may contain serum,
cellular debris, bacteria, and white blood cells
purulent exudate - ✅✅ -edema fluid that is rich in protein from WBCs,
microbial organisms, and cellular debris; also called pus
Transudate - ✅✅ -edema fluid that contains little protein and is mainly a
watery filtrate of blood (eg, fluid in blister).
acute inflammatory response - ✅✅ -the body's initial reaction to tissue
damage, bringing blood to the site of injury or infection:
- momentary local vasconstriction
- local vasodilatation (hyperemia)
- increase capillary permeability
- fluid exudate (plasma leakage)
- edema
Phases of wound healing - ✅✅ -inflammatory, proliferative (fibroblast
produce collagen), maturation (wound contraction)
skin wounds heal by - ✅✅-primary intention
secondary intention
tertiary intention
Genes to protein - ✅✅ -- RNA is involved in protein synthesis
1. Transcription: messenger RNA (mRNA) moves out of nucleus and into
cytoplasm
2. Translation: polypeptide synthesis interacring with transfer RNA
(tRNA)
