Biology Unit 8
Kingdom Protista - ANS-first eukaryotes - gave rise to fungi, plants, and animals; found
in moist or aquatic habitats; can reproduce sexually or asexually; vary in size, type, and
method of acquiring energy; classified into 3 groups: protozoans (animal-like),
autotrophs (plant-like), or fungus-like
protozoans (animal-like) - ANS-heterotrophs that can move; four major groups: ciliate,
amoebas, flagellates, and sporozoans
molds (fungus-like) - ANS-heterotrophs that cannot move; types: slime molds and water
molds
autotrophs (plant-like) - ANS-autotrophic; range from microscopic to huge seaweeds;
major groups: algae and phytoplankton
ciliates - ANS-Phylum: Ciliophora; unicellular heterotrophs; common in freshwater and
marine habitats; have hundreds of tiny, hairlike cilia projecting from surface; cilia are
used for movement and sweeping food towards oral groove (a.k.a. - mouth); contain
contractile vacuoles to eliminate excess water; contain 2 types of nuclei
examples: Paramecium and Stentor
amoeba - ANS-unicellular heterotroph; found in water and soil; lack cell wall so shape
constantly changes; move and capture food by extending pseudopodia ("false feet") ;
structure: contractile vacuole, pseudopod, endoplasm, ectoplasm, food vacuole
flagellates - ANS-diverse heterotrophs, all contain flagella
sporozoans - ANS-animal parasites carried in the blood and tissues of host; complex life
cycle, sometimes involved multiple hosts; form spores when they reproduce; one variety
causes malaria; cannot move
algae - ANS-multicellular, lack true roots, stems, and leaves so only found in aquatic
environments; three main groups: green, red, and brown
green algae - ANS-(phylum Chlorophyta); uni/multicellular; found in freshwater or damp
soil
red algae - ANS-(phylum Rhodophyta); multicellular; found in deep, warm ocean waters
, brown algae - ANS-(phylum Phaeophyta); multicellular ; among largest organisms on
Earth; found in cold oceans and on coasts; provide shelter for many organisms
diatoms - ANS-unicellular, photosynthetic; geometric shapes; shell-like cases composed
of glass-like substance called silica
euglenoids - ANS-unicellular; photosynthetic and/or heterotrophic; flagellated; contain
an eyespot which directs them towards light
dinoflagellates - ANS-unicellular, most are photosynthetic; 2 flagella & unusual shapes;
responsible for Red Tides which deplete the oceans of oxygen resulting in fish kills
slime molds - ANS-form plasmodia - mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei; use
pseudopodia to feed and move (move 2.5 cm per hour); when conditions are stressful,
stalklike structures containing spores grow
water molds - ANS-common in fresh water; fuzzy growths on decaying matter;
decomposers or parasites; can be hazardous to fish or plants
protists and humans - ANS-industry:
- algae is often eaten or used to thicken food products
- empty shells of diatoms are used in toothpaste and road paint
disease:
- cause a number of human diseases
protists and environments - ANS-- plantlike protists produce half the world's oxygen and
form the base of most aquatic ecosystems
- algal blooms, such as red tide, can also deplete aquatic ecosystems
Kingdom Fungi - ANS-thread-like Bodies; made of long, slender filaments called
hyphae; a dense group of hyphae is a mycelium; heterotrophic decomposers
(saprobes/saprotroph) or parasites (absorption); cell walls contain chitin; reproduce
asexually by spores (can also reproduce sexually); types of Fungi: mushrooms, yeast
(unicellular, used in bread and beer making), and
molds
mushroom structure - ANS-- hyphae are loosely woven through the soil and tightly
packed in the body of the mushroom
- hyphae form a tangled mass, often many meters long, called a mycelium
Kingdom Protista - ANS-first eukaryotes - gave rise to fungi, plants, and animals; found
in moist or aquatic habitats; can reproduce sexually or asexually; vary in size, type, and
method of acquiring energy; classified into 3 groups: protozoans (animal-like),
autotrophs (plant-like), or fungus-like
protozoans (animal-like) - ANS-heterotrophs that can move; four major groups: ciliate,
amoebas, flagellates, and sporozoans
molds (fungus-like) - ANS-heterotrophs that cannot move; types: slime molds and water
molds
autotrophs (plant-like) - ANS-autotrophic; range from microscopic to huge seaweeds;
major groups: algae and phytoplankton
ciliates - ANS-Phylum: Ciliophora; unicellular heterotrophs; common in freshwater and
marine habitats; have hundreds of tiny, hairlike cilia projecting from surface; cilia are
used for movement and sweeping food towards oral groove (a.k.a. - mouth); contain
contractile vacuoles to eliminate excess water; contain 2 types of nuclei
examples: Paramecium and Stentor
amoeba - ANS-unicellular heterotroph; found in water and soil; lack cell wall so shape
constantly changes; move and capture food by extending pseudopodia ("false feet") ;
structure: contractile vacuole, pseudopod, endoplasm, ectoplasm, food vacuole
flagellates - ANS-diverse heterotrophs, all contain flagella
sporozoans - ANS-animal parasites carried in the blood and tissues of host; complex life
cycle, sometimes involved multiple hosts; form spores when they reproduce; one variety
causes malaria; cannot move
algae - ANS-multicellular, lack true roots, stems, and leaves so only found in aquatic
environments; three main groups: green, red, and brown
green algae - ANS-(phylum Chlorophyta); uni/multicellular; found in freshwater or damp
soil
red algae - ANS-(phylum Rhodophyta); multicellular; found in deep, warm ocean waters
, brown algae - ANS-(phylum Phaeophyta); multicellular ; among largest organisms on
Earth; found in cold oceans and on coasts; provide shelter for many organisms
diatoms - ANS-unicellular, photosynthetic; geometric shapes; shell-like cases composed
of glass-like substance called silica
euglenoids - ANS-unicellular; photosynthetic and/or heterotrophic; flagellated; contain
an eyespot which directs them towards light
dinoflagellates - ANS-unicellular, most are photosynthetic; 2 flagella & unusual shapes;
responsible for Red Tides which deplete the oceans of oxygen resulting in fish kills
slime molds - ANS-form plasmodia - mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei; use
pseudopodia to feed and move (move 2.5 cm per hour); when conditions are stressful,
stalklike structures containing spores grow
water molds - ANS-common in fresh water; fuzzy growths on decaying matter;
decomposers or parasites; can be hazardous to fish or plants
protists and humans - ANS-industry:
- algae is often eaten or used to thicken food products
- empty shells of diatoms are used in toothpaste and road paint
disease:
- cause a number of human diseases
protists and environments - ANS-- plantlike protists produce half the world's oxygen and
form the base of most aquatic ecosystems
- algal blooms, such as red tide, can also deplete aquatic ecosystems
Kingdom Fungi - ANS-thread-like Bodies; made of long, slender filaments called
hyphae; a dense group of hyphae is a mycelium; heterotrophic decomposers
(saprobes/saprotroph) or parasites (absorption); cell walls contain chitin; reproduce
asexually by spores (can also reproduce sexually); types of Fungi: mushrooms, yeast
(unicellular, used in bread and beer making), and
molds
mushroom structure - ANS-- hyphae are loosely woven through the soil and tightly
packed in the body of the mushroom
- hyphae form a tangled mass, often many meters long, called a mycelium
