S&F 2 Exam 1
✅✅
what are the two main control systems humans have to maintain body's
homeostasis - -nervous system and endocrine system
(nervous system is fast acting, signaling molecules, and it goes neuron to
synapse to target cell)
what is the endocrine system - ✅✅-the system that uses signaling
molecules called hormones to produce a physiological effect
define signaling molecule - ✅✅ -a chemical that sends a message to another
cell or tissue (hormones or NTs)
hormones require specific ________ - ✅✅-receptors
response is related to receptor ______ - ✅✅-number
what is up-regulate a receptor - ✅✅-increase sensitivity and responsiveness
(ex. pregnancy)
what is down-regulate a receptor - ✅✅ -decrease sensitivity and
responsiveness
(ex. LH receptors to decrease testosterone)
types of effects of hormones: ADDITIVE - ✅✅-combined effect, sum of
individual effect (ex. gastrin, histamine)
types of effects of hormones: SYNERGISM - ✅✅-combined effect is much
greater than the sum of individual effects
types of effects of hormones: ANTAGONISM -✅✅-opposite effects
types of effects of hormones: PERMISSIVENESS - ✅✅-one hormone
permits the effect of another
lipid soluble hormones - ✅✅-steroid & thyroid hormones
no storage
bond to plasma proteins
long half life
, receptors include cell/nucleus
mechanism= genes, causing protein synthesis
slow onset of response
water soluble - ✅✅ -the rest
storage
free in plasma
short half life
receptors on membrane
acts through second messenger system
fast onset of response
✅✅-time required to reduce plasma conc. of a hormone by 50%
half life -
when are hormones released? - ✅✅-when they are needed.... the organ
releasing them MUST be stimulated to release them.
what are the 3 types of stimuli causing hormone release - ✅✅-other
hormones, nervous system, humoral factors
negative feedback - ✅✅ -return a variable back to a set point, turns pathway
off
-each step depends on the previous one
-each organ in the pathway must receive the "signal" to release its hormone
-last step feeds back to control the 1st step
**high hormone feeds back to reduce release of first hormone
**low hormone feeds back to increase release
positive feedback - ✅✅-makes a change in the variable bigger and bigger,
not homeostatic
where is the optic chiasm - ✅✅-above the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-anterior has endothelial
cells, posterior has neurons, they grow together but functionally don't work
together.
what is the middle of the pituitary gland called - ✅✅-infundibulum/stalk
posterior pituitary gland releases - ✅✅-ADH and oxytocin
✅✅
what are the two main control systems humans have to maintain body's
homeostasis - -nervous system and endocrine system
(nervous system is fast acting, signaling molecules, and it goes neuron to
synapse to target cell)
what is the endocrine system - ✅✅-the system that uses signaling
molecules called hormones to produce a physiological effect
define signaling molecule - ✅✅ -a chemical that sends a message to another
cell or tissue (hormones or NTs)
hormones require specific ________ - ✅✅-receptors
response is related to receptor ______ - ✅✅-number
what is up-regulate a receptor - ✅✅-increase sensitivity and responsiveness
(ex. pregnancy)
what is down-regulate a receptor - ✅✅ -decrease sensitivity and
responsiveness
(ex. LH receptors to decrease testosterone)
types of effects of hormones: ADDITIVE - ✅✅-combined effect, sum of
individual effect (ex. gastrin, histamine)
types of effects of hormones: SYNERGISM - ✅✅-combined effect is much
greater than the sum of individual effects
types of effects of hormones: ANTAGONISM -✅✅-opposite effects
types of effects of hormones: PERMISSIVENESS - ✅✅-one hormone
permits the effect of another
lipid soluble hormones - ✅✅-steroid & thyroid hormones
no storage
bond to plasma proteins
long half life
, receptors include cell/nucleus
mechanism= genes, causing protein synthesis
slow onset of response
water soluble - ✅✅ -the rest
storage
free in plasma
short half life
receptors on membrane
acts through second messenger system
fast onset of response
✅✅-time required to reduce plasma conc. of a hormone by 50%
half life -
when are hormones released? - ✅✅-when they are needed.... the organ
releasing them MUST be stimulated to release them.
what are the 3 types of stimuli causing hormone release - ✅✅-other
hormones, nervous system, humoral factors
negative feedback - ✅✅ -return a variable back to a set point, turns pathway
off
-each step depends on the previous one
-each organ in the pathway must receive the "signal" to release its hormone
-last step feeds back to control the 1st step
**high hormone feeds back to reduce release of first hormone
**low hormone feeds back to increase release
positive feedback - ✅✅-makes a change in the variable bigger and bigger,
not homeostatic
where is the optic chiasm - ✅✅-above the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-anterior has endothelial
cells, posterior has neurons, they grow together but functionally don't work
together.
what is the middle of the pituitary gland called - ✅✅-infundibulum/stalk
posterior pituitary gland releases - ✅✅-ADH and oxytocin
