S&F 2 Exam 1
ADH - ✅✅ -water conservation, decreased urine output, increased BV and
BP, released in hypertonic not hypotonic
aldosterone - ✅✅ -"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of
Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a
higher blood volume and pressure
aldosterone pathway - ✅✅ -adrenal gland releases aldosterone
kidney
renin released to start ACE pathway
Angiotensin II released
vasoconstriction= increase BP
aldosterone stimulus - ✅✅-low BP and BV, high K+ or low Na+
✅✅
all cells of the body except brain cells need _____ to be able to take _____
into the cells - -insulin
glucose
✅✅
anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland - -anterior has endothelial
cells, posterior has neurons, they grow together but functionally don't work
together.
Calcitonin -✅✅ -released by thyroid, lowers blood calcium levels, target
organs are bone, intestines, kidney
(in bone, stimulates osteoblasts) (in intestines, stimulates calcium lost in
feces) (in kidney, stimulates calcium excretion in urine)
Corticosteroids - ✅✅-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
mineralcorticoids
DHEA
CRH -> _____ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-ACTH (by corticotrophs)
CRH/ACTH/Cortisol pathway - ✅✅-hypothalamus
CRH
anterior pituitary gland
, ACTH
adrenal cortex
cortisol
most body tissues
define signaling molecule - ✅✅ -a chemical that sends a message to another
cell or tissue (hormones or NTs)
Diabetes complications - ✅✅ -hypertension, hyperlipidemia, increased risk of
death from CVD (1.7x), heart attack (1.8x), stroke (1.5x), blindness (78%),
kidney disease and amputations
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) - ✅✅
-polyuria with NO glycosuria
Central DI= no ADH
Nephrogenic DI= no/few ADH receptors
**can't reabsorb water
✅✅
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) -
-hyperglycemia->glycosuria->polyuria(excessive urination)->polydipsia
endocrine pancreas - ✅✅-releases hormones, organized into pancreatic
islet
exocrine pancreas - ✅✅-make a product released through a duct onto a
body's surface or cavity
GHRH -> ________ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-GH (by
somatotrophs)
GHRH/GH pathway - ✅✅ -hypothalamus
GHRH
anterior pituitary gland
GH
bone muscle cartilage fat, liver goes to form IGF-1
✅✅
glucagon increases blood glucose and causes ______ -> _______ -
-glycogen to glucose
GnRH-> _______ and _______ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅ -FSH
(follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) (by gonadotrophs)
ADH - ✅✅ -water conservation, decreased urine output, increased BV and
BP, released in hypertonic not hypotonic
aldosterone - ✅✅ -"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of
Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a
higher blood volume and pressure
aldosterone pathway - ✅✅ -adrenal gland releases aldosterone
kidney
renin released to start ACE pathway
Angiotensin II released
vasoconstriction= increase BP
aldosterone stimulus - ✅✅-low BP and BV, high K+ or low Na+
✅✅
all cells of the body except brain cells need _____ to be able to take _____
into the cells - -insulin
glucose
✅✅
anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary gland - -anterior has endothelial
cells, posterior has neurons, they grow together but functionally don't work
together.
Calcitonin -✅✅ -released by thyroid, lowers blood calcium levels, target
organs are bone, intestines, kidney
(in bone, stimulates osteoblasts) (in intestines, stimulates calcium lost in
feces) (in kidney, stimulates calcium excretion in urine)
Corticosteroids - ✅✅-glucocorticoids (cortisol)
mineralcorticoids
DHEA
CRH -> _____ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-ACTH (by corticotrophs)
CRH/ACTH/Cortisol pathway - ✅✅-hypothalamus
CRH
anterior pituitary gland
, ACTH
adrenal cortex
cortisol
most body tissues
define signaling molecule - ✅✅ -a chemical that sends a message to another
cell or tissue (hormones or NTs)
Diabetes complications - ✅✅ -hypertension, hyperlipidemia, increased risk of
death from CVD (1.7x), heart attack (1.8x), stroke (1.5x), blindness (78%),
kidney disease and amputations
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) - ✅✅
-polyuria with NO glycosuria
Central DI= no ADH
Nephrogenic DI= no/few ADH receptors
**can't reabsorb water
✅✅
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) -
-hyperglycemia->glycosuria->polyuria(excessive urination)->polydipsia
endocrine pancreas - ✅✅-releases hormones, organized into pancreatic
islet
exocrine pancreas - ✅✅-make a product released through a duct onto a
body's surface or cavity
GHRH -> ________ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅-GH (by
somatotrophs)
GHRH/GH pathway - ✅✅ -hypothalamus
GHRH
anterior pituitary gland
GH
bone muscle cartilage fat, liver goes to form IGF-1
✅✅
glucagon increases blood glucose and causes ______ -> _______ -
-glycogen to glucose
GnRH-> _______ and _______ by the anterior pituitary gland - ✅✅ -FSH
(follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) (by gonadotrophs)
