Pathophysiology Exam 1
Antibody composition and mechanisms of actions - ✅✅ -Composition:
-polypeptide chains
-Variable region: combines with antigen, specific for given antigen
-Constant region: activates complement, attaches antibody to leukocyte
Action:
1) Inactivation of antigen:
-agglutination
-precipitation
-neutralization
-lysis
2) Activation of complement
3) Stimulation of inflammatory response
ATP depletion - ✅✅-Energy depletion (can be due to lack of oxygen)
1) lack of ATP contributes to failure of active transport mechanisms, like
the sodium-potassium pump
-leads to an increase in intracellular sodium and cellular swelling
(hydropic changes)
2) failure of calcium pump also dysfunctions
-calcium accumulates in cell, damages cell membrane, depletes more
ATP, disrupts DNA and induce cell degeneration
Atrophy
Causes - ✅✅ -Decrease in size of cell or tissue in response to changes
in metabolic requirements or their environment (decreased blood flow,
workload, inadequate nutrition, disease, decreased hormonal
stimulation) (most common in skeletal muscles, heart and brain)
Decreased workload:
Ex: not using your arm (maybe because of a break), when the cast
comes off the arm will be weaker, muscle will atrophy
Disease:
,Ex: if neural stimulation ceases (spinal cord injuries), muscle will atrophy
(happens in paralysis)
Decreased hormonal stimulation:
Ex: as women go through menopause, they have less estrogen causing
the breast, vagina and uterus to atrophy
Nutritional deficiency:
Ex: starving the body from specific nutrients it needs to grow
Cellular adaptation
Types - ✅✅ -Cellular adaptation: adapt to changes in internal
environment, an adapted cell is neither normal or injured; cell
adaptations are part of many disease processes (not always a bad thing)
-Can have adaptive, compensatory changes, maladaptive changes or
overwhelming insult, cell injury and death can occur
-Atrophy
-Hypertrophy
-Hyperplasia
-Metaplasia
-Dysplasia
-Metaplasia can cause dysplasia and can lead to disease (cancer)
-Brain, heart and skeletal tissue can not undergo hyperplasia, only
hypertrophy
Cellular response to ischemic-hypoxic injury
Causes - ✅✅-Hypoxic injury (hypoxia): oxygen deprivation most
common cause of CELL INJURY
Caused by:
-ISCHEMIA** most common cause of hypoxic injury: lack of blood flow
(Ischemic-hypoxic injury: lack of blood flow causes lack of oxygen)
-decreased atmospheric oxygen
, -loss of hemoglobin or function
-decreased production of RBC
-diseases of respiratory or cardiovascular systems
-poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells
when no oxygen is available for cells, cells switch to anaerobic
metabolism or glycolysis using glucose to create energy
-produces significantly less ATP, low energy, and pyruvic acid
-anaerobic fermentation converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid, which is
noxious to cells and causes muscle pain and acidosis
Prolonged ischemia leads to infarction (death of tissue)
Clinical manifestations -✅✅ -Signs: OBJECTIVE, manifestations noted
by an observer (ex: vomiting, elevated temp, dilated pupils, lab values)
Symptoms: SUBJECTIVE complaint noted by the person with the
disorder (ex: nausea, pain, dizziness, fatigue)
Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms that occur together in
response to a certain condition
Complement - ✅✅ -Active in several physiologic events:
-opsonization
-chemotaxis
-platelet aggregation and anticoagulation activity
-induction of B-cell proliferation and differentiation
-protects against fungal, bacterial and viral organisms
✅✅-Disease: any deviation from normal structure or
Define "Disease"
Pathophysiology -
function
Pathophysiology: cell or organ changes that occur with disease and the
effects these changes have on the body
Pathology- study and diagnosis of the disease
Physiology-study of mechanisms of body function
Antibody composition and mechanisms of actions - ✅✅ -Composition:
-polypeptide chains
-Variable region: combines with antigen, specific for given antigen
-Constant region: activates complement, attaches antibody to leukocyte
Action:
1) Inactivation of antigen:
-agglutination
-precipitation
-neutralization
-lysis
2) Activation of complement
3) Stimulation of inflammatory response
ATP depletion - ✅✅-Energy depletion (can be due to lack of oxygen)
1) lack of ATP contributes to failure of active transport mechanisms, like
the sodium-potassium pump
-leads to an increase in intracellular sodium and cellular swelling
(hydropic changes)
2) failure of calcium pump also dysfunctions
-calcium accumulates in cell, damages cell membrane, depletes more
ATP, disrupts DNA and induce cell degeneration
Atrophy
Causes - ✅✅ -Decrease in size of cell or tissue in response to changes
in metabolic requirements or their environment (decreased blood flow,
workload, inadequate nutrition, disease, decreased hormonal
stimulation) (most common in skeletal muscles, heart and brain)
Decreased workload:
Ex: not using your arm (maybe because of a break), when the cast
comes off the arm will be weaker, muscle will atrophy
Disease:
,Ex: if neural stimulation ceases (spinal cord injuries), muscle will atrophy
(happens in paralysis)
Decreased hormonal stimulation:
Ex: as women go through menopause, they have less estrogen causing
the breast, vagina and uterus to atrophy
Nutritional deficiency:
Ex: starving the body from specific nutrients it needs to grow
Cellular adaptation
Types - ✅✅ -Cellular adaptation: adapt to changes in internal
environment, an adapted cell is neither normal or injured; cell
adaptations are part of many disease processes (not always a bad thing)
-Can have adaptive, compensatory changes, maladaptive changes or
overwhelming insult, cell injury and death can occur
-Atrophy
-Hypertrophy
-Hyperplasia
-Metaplasia
-Dysplasia
-Metaplasia can cause dysplasia and can lead to disease (cancer)
-Brain, heart and skeletal tissue can not undergo hyperplasia, only
hypertrophy
Cellular response to ischemic-hypoxic injury
Causes - ✅✅-Hypoxic injury (hypoxia): oxygen deprivation most
common cause of CELL INJURY
Caused by:
-ISCHEMIA** most common cause of hypoxic injury: lack of blood flow
(Ischemic-hypoxic injury: lack of blood flow causes lack of oxygen)
-decreased atmospheric oxygen
, -loss of hemoglobin or function
-decreased production of RBC
-diseases of respiratory or cardiovascular systems
-poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells
when no oxygen is available for cells, cells switch to anaerobic
metabolism or glycolysis using glucose to create energy
-produces significantly less ATP, low energy, and pyruvic acid
-anaerobic fermentation converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid, which is
noxious to cells and causes muscle pain and acidosis
Prolonged ischemia leads to infarction (death of tissue)
Clinical manifestations -✅✅ -Signs: OBJECTIVE, manifestations noted
by an observer (ex: vomiting, elevated temp, dilated pupils, lab values)
Symptoms: SUBJECTIVE complaint noted by the person with the
disorder (ex: nausea, pain, dizziness, fatigue)
Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms that occur together in
response to a certain condition
Complement - ✅✅ -Active in several physiologic events:
-opsonization
-chemotaxis
-platelet aggregation and anticoagulation activity
-induction of B-cell proliferation and differentiation
-protects against fungal, bacterial and viral organisms
✅✅-Disease: any deviation from normal structure or
Define "Disease"
Pathophysiology -
function
Pathophysiology: cell or organ changes that occur with disease and the
effects these changes have on the body
Pathology- study and diagnosis of the disease
Physiology-study of mechanisms of body function
