Exam 1 Study Guide - Ch. 39: Oxygen &
Perfusion
✅
What are some therapeutic interventions for ineffective airway clearance &
impaired gas exchange diagnoses?- promoting optimal function
(vaccination, education, minimize anxiety, good nutrition) promoting comfort
(positioning, humidification) promoting proper breathing promoting &
controlling coughing performing chest physiotherapy (percussion, vibration,
postural drainage) suctioning the airway meeting oxygenation needs with
medications (avoid caffeine with bronchodilators) providing supplemental
oxygen positive airway pressure (PAP) managing chest tubes using
artificial airways clearing an obstructed airway administering
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
✅
What is oxygen saturation?- percent of hemoglobin binding sites in the
blood that are carrying oxygen be aware of patient's hemoglobin level
before evaluating oxygen saturation
What is pulse oximetry?-✅measures arterial oxyhemoglobin Sp02 of
arterial blood
What is the normal Sp02 range?-✅95%-100%
What does an Sp02 of less than 90 indicate?-✅oxygenation tissues are
inadequate and should be investigated for potential hypoxia or technical
error
✅
What are some signs & symptoms of hypoxia?- signs: dyspnea, elevated
BP with a small pulse pressure, increased respiratory rate & pulse rate,
pallor, cyanosis, anxiety, restlessness, confusion, drowsiness symptoms:
altered thought processes, headaches, chest pain, enlarged heart, clubbing
of fingers & toes, anorexia, constipation, decreased urinary output,
decreased libido, weakness of extremity muscles, muscle pain
, What is the treatment for hypoxia?- ✅promote oxygenation
✅
What are some education points related to the hazards of
smoking?- most common cause of COPD increases risk for many types
of cancers causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels
inhalation of cigarette smoke increases airway resistance, reduces ciliary
action, increases mucus production, causes thickening of the
alveolar-capillary membrane, and causes bronchial walls to thicken & lose
elasticity can cause coronary heart disease; leading cause of death in the
U.S. causes a much greater risk for stroke, PVD, and abnormal aortic
aneurysm
What is cardiac output?- ✅the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in
liters per minute
How do you calculate cardiac output?- ✅heart rate X stroke volume
What is stroke volume?- ✅the volume of blood (liters) pumped out of the
ventricles per beat
What is blood pressure affected by?-✅cardiac output and resistance
What is cardiac output affected by?-✅blood volume
What are the abnormal lung sounds?-✅crackles, wheezes, stridor
Define crackles-✅intermittent sounds occurring when air moves through
airways that contain fluid; classified as fine, medium, or coarse
✅
Define wheezes- continuous sounds heard on expiration and sometimes
on inspiration as air passes through airways constricted by swelling,
secretions, or tumors; classified as sibilant or sonorous
✅
What do sibilant wheezes sound like?- musical or squeaking, high
pitched continuous sounds auscultated during inspiration & expiration
Perfusion
✅
What are some therapeutic interventions for ineffective airway clearance &
impaired gas exchange diagnoses?- promoting optimal function
(vaccination, education, minimize anxiety, good nutrition) promoting comfort
(positioning, humidification) promoting proper breathing promoting &
controlling coughing performing chest physiotherapy (percussion, vibration,
postural drainage) suctioning the airway meeting oxygenation needs with
medications (avoid caffeine with bronchodilators) providing supplemental
oxygen positive airway pressure (PAP) managing chest tubes using
artificial airways clearing an obstructed airway administering
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
✅
What is oxygen saturation?- percent of hemoglobin binding sites in the
blood that are carrying oxygen be aware of patient's hemoglobin level
before evaluating oxygen saturation
What is pulse oximetry?-✅measures arterial oxyhemoglobin Sp02 of
arterial blood
What is the normal Sp02 range?-✅95%-100%
What does an Sp02 of less than 90 indicate?-✅oxygenation tissues are
inadequate and should be investigated for potential hypoxia or technical
error
✅
What are some signs & symptoms of hypoxia?- signs: dyspnea, elevated
BP with a small pulse pressure, increased respiratory rate & pulse rate,
pallor, cyanosis, anxiety, restlessness, confusion, drowsiness symptoms:
altered thought processes, headaches, chest pain, enlarged heart, clubbing
of fingers & toes, anorexia, constipation, decreased urinary output,
decreased libido, weakness of extremity muscles, muscle pain
, What is the treatment for hypoxia?- ✅promote oxygenation
✅
What are some education points related to the hazards of
smoking?- most common cause of COPD increases risk for many types
of cancers causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels
inhalation of cigarette smoke increases airway resistance, reduces ciliary
action, increases mucus production, causes thickening of the
alveolar-capillary membrane, and causes bronchial walls to thicken & lose
elasticity can cause coronary heart disease; leading cause of death in the
U.S. causes a much greater risk for stroke, PVD, and abnormal aortic
aneurysm
What is cardiac output?- ✅the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in
liters per minute
How do you calculate cardiac output?- ✅heart rate X stroke volume
What is stroke volume?- ✅the volume of blood (liters) pumped out of the
ventricles per beat
What is blood pressure affected by?-✅cardiac output and resistance
What is cardiac output affected by?-✅blood volume
What are the abnormal lung sounds?-✅crackles, wheezes, stridor
Define crackles-✅intermittent sounds occurring when air moves through
airways that contain fluid; classified as fine, medium, or coarse
✅
Define wheezes- continuous sounds heard on expiration and sometimes
on inspiration as air passes through airways constricted by swelling,
secretions, or tumors; classified as sibilant or sonorous
✅
What do sibilant wheezes sound like?- musical or squeaking, high
pitched continuous sounds auscultated during inspiration & expiration
