BIOL 2200 Exam #1
Aristotle, a philosopher - ANS-Pre-300 BCE
-described species as fixed
-Scale of nature: arranges species in order of lowest to highest complexity
-linear hierarchy
Hutton, a geologist - ANS-1795
-proposed gradualism
-change is a slow but continuous process
Thomas Robert Malthus, an economist - ANS-1798
-published "Essay on the Principle of Population'"
-Human population growth is limited by resources; At some point we will reach carrying
capacity,
-can't grow exponentially forever due to limited resources
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a naturalist - ANS-1809
-proposed mechanism for how organisms change due to environment
-evolution occurs because organisms have an innate drive to become more complex
-use and disuse: traits that are used extensively improve and are inherited by offspring,
while traits that are not used deteriorate and lose over time
-inheritance of acquired traits: an organism could pass these modifications to its
offspring
Lamarck and inheritance of traits - ANS-Idea that a giraffe once had a short neck, but
through the need to reach food sources, it was able to drive the need for a longer neck
-Change within a generation is inherited by their offspring; A giraffe with longer neck has
offspring with longer neck, that will eventually become even longer
Testing Lamarckian inheritance - ANS-August Weismann, a biologist; published Essays
upon Heredity in 1889
-Went back to Lamarck's idea and discussed why changes in a generation are not
always inherited by their offspring
-5 generations of breeding, 68 parents, 901 offspring that ALL had tails
,-Recent data have suggested that there is an exception, epigenetics; There can be
changes in what is active in the DNA and can be passed on to children
Georges Cuvier, a paleontologist - ANS-1812
-published studies on fossils
-Fossils as evidence of extinction; Organisms that were not well suited to their
environment disappeared
-opposed idea of evolution; New species due to immigration
-extinction due to sudden events (flood)
Charles Lyell, a geologist - ANS-1830
-published Principles of Geology
-change is gradual
-Processes that shape the earth have been uniform over time; same slow processes are
responsible for rise and fall of mountains, valleys, etc.
Charles Darwin, a naturalist - ANS-1831-1836
-voyage on the Beagle
-Observations of geology, fossils, plants, and animals led Darwin to think about how
species arise -->Foundation for his major work
1844 - ANS-Darwin writes his essay on decent with modification
1858 - ANS-Wallace sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection
-Proposed evolution via natural selection
- Darwin and Wallace together presented their ideas to society
1859 - ANS-On the Origin of Species was published
On the Origin of Species - ANS--Decent with modification: descendants of ancestral
organism that lived in various habitats gradually accumulated modifications that fit them
to specific ways of life; Species change over time; Species share a common ancestor
-Species diversity due to branching from common ancestor in response to environment
-Proposes natural selection as the mechanism for evolution
The Darwinian revolution challenged - ANS-traditional views of a young earth inhabited
by unchanging species
, Artificial selection studies - ANS-Darwin used artificial selection studies to illustrate trait
variation and heritability
-These studies refuted Lamarck's ideas because: Darwin demonstrated that both useful
and useless traits can be inherited
-selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
Natural selection - ANS--Principle that established Darwin as a great thinker
-Many offspring are produced, not all survive
-Traits vary among individuals within a population and may be heritable; Some variation
is passed from parent to offspring, but some variation is not heritable
-Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their environment
-Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common; If you are more
fit because you have this trait, you need more offspring; Less fit people need less
offspring
Individuals experience selection, but populations evolve - ANS--Selection acts on the
individual; If you have advantageous trait, you are doing good
-The population EVOLVES, individuals do not
Descent with modification by natural selection explains - ANS-the adaptations of
organisms and the unity and diversity of life
Natural selection will favor individuals that are adapted to particular environment -
ANS--In a certain environment, certain individuals will do better than other organisms
-Changes in the environment lead to changes in favorable traits
-New adaptations can lead to new species!!!
-Up until Lamarck, people were convinced that organisms were static and they didn't
change --> Ideas of adapting were a huge shift
-Darwin provided a mechanism and explained how evolutionary changes actually occur
Tenants of natural selection - ANS--Many offspring are produced, not all survive
-Traits vary among individuals within a population and may be heritable
-Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their environment
-Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common
Natural selection can amplify/diminish only those heritable traits that - ANS-DIFFER
among the individuals in a population
evolution is supported by - ANS-an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
Aristotle, a philosopher - ANS-Pre-300 BCE
-described species as fixed
-Scale of nature: arranges species in order of lowest to highest complexity
-linear hierarchy
Hutton, a geologist - ANS-1795
-proposed gradualism
-change is a slow but continuous process
Thomas Robert Malthus, an economist - ANS-1798
-published "Essay on the Principle of Population'"
-Human population growth is limited by resources; At some point we will reach carrying
capacity,
-can't grow exponentially forever due to limited resources
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a naturalist - ANS-1809
-proposed mechanism for how organisms change due to environment
-evolution occurs because organisms have an innate drive to become more complex
-use and disuse: traits that are used extensively improve and are inherited by offspring,
while traits that are not used deteriorate and lose over time
-inheritance of acquired traits: an organism could pass these modifications to its
offspring
Lamarck and inheritance of traits - ANS-Idea that a giraffe once had a short neck, but
through the need to reach food sources, it was able to drive the need for a longer neck
-Change within a generation is inherited by their offspring; A giraffe with longer neck has
offspring with longer neck, that will eventually become even longer
Testing Lamarckian inheritance - ANS-August Weismann, a biologist; published Essays
upon Heredity in 1889
-Went back to Lamarck's idea and discussed why changes in a generation are not
always inherited by their offspring
-5 generations of breeding, 68 parents, 901 offspring that ALL had tails
,-Recent data have suggested that there is an exception, epigenetics; There can be
changes in what is active in the DNA and can be passed on to children
Georges Cuvier, a paleontologist - ANS-1812
-published studies on fossils
-Fossils as evidence of extinction; Organisms that were not well suited to their
environment disappeared
-opposed idea of evolution; New species due to immigration
-extinction due to sudden events (flood)
Charles Lyell, a geologist - ANS-1830
-published Principles of Geology
-change is gradual
-Processes that shape the earth have been uniform over time; same slow processes are
responsible for rise and fall of mountains, valleys, etc.
Charles Darwin, a naturalist - ANS-1831-1836
-voyage on the Beagle
-Observations of geology, fossils, plants, and animals led Darwin to think about how
species arise -->Foundation for his major work
1844 - ANS-Darwin writes his essay on decent with modification
1858 - ANS-Wallace sends Darwin his hypothesis of natural selection
-Proposed evolution via natural selection
- Darwin and Wallace together presented their ideas to society
1859 - ANS-On the Origin of Species was published
On the Origin of Species - ANS--Decent with modification: descendants of ancestral
organism that lived in various habitats gradually accumulated modifications that fit them
to specific ways of life; Species change over time; Species share a common ancestor
-Species diversity due to branching from common ancestor in response to environment
-Proposes natural selection as the mechanism for evolution
The Darwinian revolution challenged - ANS-traditional views of a young earth inhabited
by unchanging species
, Artificial selection studies - ANS-Darwin used artificial selection studies to illustrate trait
variation and heritability
-These studies refuted Lamarck's ideas because: Darwin demonstrated that both useful
and useless traits can be inherited
-selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
Natural selection - ANS--Principle that established Darwin as a great thinker
-Many offspring are produced, not all survive
-Traits vary among individuals within a population and may be heritable; Some variation
is passed from parent to offspring, but some variation is not heritable
-Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their environment
-Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common; If you are more
fit because you have this trait, you need more offspring; Less fit people need less
offspring
Individuals experience selection, but populations evolve - ANS--Selection acts on the
individual; If you have advantageous trait, you are doing good
-The population EVOLVES, individuals do not
Descent with modification by natural selection explains - ANS-the adaptations of
organisms and the unity and diversity of life
Natural selection will favor individuals that are adapted to particular environment -
ANS--In a certain environment, certain individuals will do better than other organisms
-Changes in the environment lead to changes in favorable traits
-New adaptations can lead to new species!!!
-Up until Lamarck, people were convinced that organisms were static and they didn't
change --> Ideas of adapting were a huge shift
-Darwin provided a mechanism and explained how evolutionary changes actually occur
Tenants of natural selection - ANS--Many offspring are produced, not all survive
-Traits vary among individuals within a population and may be heritable
-Some heritable traits give individuals an advantage in their environment
-Advantageous traits, conferring higher fitness, become more common
Natural selection can amplify/diminish only those heritable traits that - ANS-DIFFER
among the individuals in a population
evolution is supported by - ANS-an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
