GNUR 293: Pathophysiology Exam 1
Study Guide
First Line of Defense - ANS-The nonspecific and beginning line of defense. It has the
innate/natural/native immunity that contains the physical, mechanical, or biochemical
barriers
Second Line of Defense - ANS-The more, specific line of defense where inflammation
occurs
Third Line of Defense - ANS-The last line of defense where adaptive immunity can
occur
Examples of physical and mechanical barriers - ANS-skin, linings of the GI,
genitourinary, & respiratory tracts, or any mucous membrane
Examples of biochemical barriers - ANS-synthesized & secreted saliva, tears, earwax,
sweat, sebum, & normal bacterial flora
D. Diarrhea - ANS-A patient is receiving antibiotics for an infection. Which manifestation
assessed by the nurse represents an alteration in the patient's innate immunological
biochemical barriers?
A. Coughing
B. Presence of Vaginal Lactobacillus
C. Production of Lysozyme in Tears
D. Diarrhea
-prevent infection and damage by microorganisms
-dilute toxins
-activate plasma protein systems
-limit & control tissue damage
-stimulate the adaptive immune response (more 3rd line of defense)
-promote healing - ANS-Functions of inflammation
-infection
-mechanical damage
-ischemia
-nutrient deprivation
,-temperature extremes
-radiation
-etc... - ANS-General causes of inflammation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hay Fever (allergy rhinitis), Rheumatoid Arthritis, or any
disease ending in "-itis" - ANS-What are examples of conditions associated w/
Inflammation?
Myeloid and Lymphoid - ANS-Name the 2 types of stem cells
Arteries - ANS-Which has greater pressure?
-Capillaries
-Veins
-Arteries
Phagocytes, Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Platelets, Endothelial Cells, NK cells - ANS-Cell
Types Involved in Inflammation
Neutrophils and Monocytes - ANS-Name the two types of Phagocytes
Macrophages - ANS-Monocytes turns into WHAT when they leave the bloodstream?
Neutrophil - ANS--The FIRST leukocyte to respond
-Predominate in early inflammatory responses
-Live for about 6-12 hours
-They ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
-Cell are short lived & become a component of purulent exudate (pus)
-Mature in the bone marrow
Monocytes/Macrophages - ANS--Produced in the bone marrow and become THIS,
enter circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site where they develop into
ANOTHER this phagocyte
-arrive at inflammatory site 3 to 7 days after the neutrophils
-promote healing
heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function - ANS-Signs of Infection
Mast Cells - ANS--A cell involved in inflammation
-important cellular activator of inflammation
-granules filled w/ histamine
, Eosinophils - ANS--Another cell involved w/ inflammation
-Have mildly phagocytic properties
-defend against parasites
-regulate vascular mediators/inflammation
Platelets - ANS--A WBC that is a part of coagulation cascade
-promotes wound healing
Endothelial cells - ANS--cells that form the walls of lymphatic capillaries and the vessel
wall lining
-their overlapping structure helps fluid enter the lymphatic capillaries and makes it hard
for the fluid to leave
Natural Killer (NK) cells - ANS--Innate cells that recognize and eliminate other cells
infected w/ viruses
-Some function in eliminating cancer cells
-This is the type of cell that HIV will attempt to avoid
Cytokines - ANS-The cellular component that play a vital role in regulating immune
responses & stimulate cell receptors to act
Interleukins - ANS--Type of cytokine produced primarily by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation
-There are many types
-Ex)
--->IL-1 pro-inflammatory, pyrogenic (stimulate more signs of inflammation)
--->IL-10 anti-inflammatory/mediator
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANS--A cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to
pathogens
-->induces fever by acting as endogenous pyrogen
-->increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
-->causes muscle wasting (cachexia) & intravascular thrombosis
--->increase in catabolism
Interferon - ANS--Cytokine that protects against viral infections
-Produced & released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded
RNA
Study Guide
First Line of Defense - ANS-The nonspecific and beginning line of defense. It has the
innate/natural/native immunity that contains the physical, mechanical, or biochemical
barriers
Second Line of Defense - ANS-The more, specific line of defense where inflammation
occurs
Third Line of Defense - ANS-The last line of defense where adaptive immunity can
occur
Examples of physical and mechanical barriers - ANS-skin, linings of the GI,
genitourinary, & respiratory tracts, or any mucous membrane
Examples of biochemical barriers - ANS-synthesized & secreted saliva, tears, earwax,
sweat, sebum, & normal bacterial flora
D. Diarrhea - ANS-A patient is receiving antibiotics for an infection. Which manifestation
assessed by the nurse represents an alteration in the patient's innate immunological
biochemical barriers?
A. Coughing
B. Presence of Vaginal Lactobacillus
C. Production of Lysozyme in Tears
D. Diarrhea
-prevent infection and damage by microorganisms
-dilute toxins
-activate plasma protein systems
-limit & control tissue damage
-stimulate the adaptive immune response (more 3rd line of defense)
-promote healing - ANS-Functions of inflammation
-infection
-mechanical damage
-ischemia
-nutrient deprivation
,-temperature extremes
-radiation
-etc... - ANS-General causes of inflammation
Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hay Fever (allergy rhinitis), Rheumatoid Arthritis, or any
disease ending in "-itis" - ANS-What are examples of conditions associated w/
Inflammation?
Myeloid and Lymphoid - ANS-Name the 2 types of stem cells
Arteries - ANS-Which has greater pressure?
-Capillaries
-Veins
-Arteries
Phagocytes, Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Platelets, Endothelial Cells, NK cells - ANS-Cell
Types Involved in Inflammation
Neutrophils and Monocytes - ANS-Name the two types of Phagocytes
Macrophages - ANS-Monocytes turns into WHAT when they leave the bloodstream?
Neutrophil - ANS--The FIRST leukocyte to respond
-Predominate in early inflammatory responses
-Live for about 6-12 hours
-They ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
-Cell are short lived & become a component of purulent exudate (pus)
-Mature in the bone marrow
Monocytes/Macrophages - ANS--Produced in the bone marrow and become THIS,
enter circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site where they develop into
ANOTHER this phagocyte
-arrive at inflammatory site 3 to 7 days after the neutrophils
-promote healing
heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function - ANS-Signs of Infection
Mast Cells - ANS--A cell involved in inflammation
-important cellular activator of inflammation
-granules filled w/ histamine
, Eosinophils - ANS--Another cell involved w/ inflammation
-Have mildly phagocytic properties
-defend against parasites
-regulate vascular mediators/inflammation
Platelets - ANS--A WBC that is a part of coagulation cascade
-promotes wound healing
Endothelial cells - ANS--cells that form the walls of lymphatic capillaries and the vessel
wall lining
-their overlapping structure helps fluid enter the lymphatic capillaries and makes it hard
for the fluid to leave
Natural Killer (NK) cells - ANS--Innate cells that recognize and eliminate other cells
infected w/ viruses
-Some function in eliminating cancer cells
-This is the type of cell that HIV will attempt to avoid
Cytokines - ANS-The cellular component that play a vital role in regulating immune
responses & stimulate cell receptors to act
Interleukins - ANS--Type of cytokine produced primarily by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation
-There are many types
-Ex)
--->IL-1 pro-inflammatory, pyrogenic (stimulate more signs of inflammation)
--->IL-10 anti-inflammatory/mediator
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - ANS--A cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to
pathogens
-->induces fever by acting as endogenous pyrogen
-->increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
-->causes muscle wasting (cachexia) & intravascular thrombosis
--->increase in catabolism
Interferon - ANS--Cytokine that protects against viral infections
-Produced & released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded
RNA
