BIOD 152 MODULE 2 UPDATED QUESTION AND
ANSWERS 2024/2025
Human Brain Divisions
cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum
What protects the brain?
skull, meninges, and BBB
Ventricles of the brain
cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th
ventricle
Meninges
3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF.
Dura Mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal
cord
pia mater
the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
CSF
special fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the
choroid plexus; cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the
brain to float.
BBB
diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue; brain and spinal
cord separate from general blood circulation. Formed by impermeable brain capillaries,
due to astrocytes due to need for stable chemical environment.
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain, 83%; includes median longitudinal fissure, left and right
cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, and fissures
corpus callosum
A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
Deep sulci
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Frontal sulci
controls higher level executive fx like reasoning and decision making; controls motor fx
and control over voluntary muscle actions
parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about
touch; receive sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and in skn four touch, pain,
and pressure.
Occipital
interprets visual input
Temporal
, sensory areas for hearing and smelling
Association areas
act mainly to integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action
Primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
Primary sensory cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses
Broca's area
controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech; speech production
Wernicke's Area
located in temporal lobe; speech comprehension
Conciousness
state of being awake/aware, located in the cerebrum.
Cerebrum controls:
Cerebrum controls activities of the lower parts of the brain, can override functioning of
lower parts of brain (i.e. via biofeedback, meditation, etc.), initiates voluntary motor
activities and controls actions of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus.
Brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat,
breathing, blood pressure, and digestion; vasoconstriction, reflex centers for vomiting,
coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing, tracts that ascend or descend between
SC and brains higher centers
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
Pons
Contains axon bundles traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS; fx with medulla
to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in
response to auditory and visual stimuli
Midbrain
Acts as a relay center for tracts passing between the cerebrum, SC or cerebellum;
reflex-centers for higher levl fxs involved in visual, auditory, and tactile responses.
Superior and inferior colliculi
located at the rostral end of the brainstem, control reflexes for head, neck in response to
sudden visual or auditory stimulus
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
maintains homeostasis, regulates basic body fx like hinger, sleep, thirst, body temp,
water balance, and BP
Controls pituitary gland by regulating hormones of endocrine
link between nervous and endocrine systems
ANSWERS 2024/2025
Human Brain Divisions
cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum
What protects the brain?
skull, meninges, and BBB
Ventricles of the brain
cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th
ventricle
Meninges
3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF.
Dura Mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal
cord
pia mater
the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
CSF
special fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the
choroid plexus; cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the
brain to float.
BBB
diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue; brain and spinal
cord separate from general blood circulation. Formed by impermeable brain capillaries,
due to astrocytes due to need for stable chemical environment.
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain, 83%; includes median longitudinal fissure, left and right
cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, and fissures
corpus callosum
A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
Deep sulci
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
Frontal sulci
controls higher level executive fx like reasoning and decision making; controls motor fx
and control over voluntary muscle actions
parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about
touch; receive sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and in skn four touch, pain,
and pressure.
Occipital
interprets visual input
Temporal
, sensory areas for hearing and smelling
Association areas
act mainly to integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action
Primary motor cortex
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
Primary sensory cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses
Broca's area
controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech; speech production
Wernicke's Area
located in temporal lobe; speech comprehension
Conciousness
state of being awake/aware, located in the cerebrum.
Cerebrum controls:
Cerebrum controls activities of the lower parts of the brain, can override functioning of
lower parts of brain (i.e. via biofeedback, meditation, etc.), initiates voluntary motor
activities and controls actions of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus.
Brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat,
breathing, blood pressure, and digestion; vasoconstriction, reflex centers for vomiting,
coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing, tracts that ascend or descend between
SC and brains higher centers
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
Pons
Contains axon bundles traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS; fx with medulla
to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in
response to auditory and visual stimuli
Midbrain
Acts as a relay center for tracts passing between the cerebrum, SC or cerebellum;
reflex-centers for higher levl fxs involved in visual, auditory, and tactile responses.
Superior and inferior colliculi
located at the rostral end of the brainstem, control reflexes for head, neck in response to
sudden visual or auditory stimulus
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
maintains homeostasis, regulates basic body fx like hinger, sleep, thirst, body temp,
water balance, and BP
Controls pituitary gland by regulating hormones of endocrine
link between nervous and endocrine systems
