Microbiology Exam 1 (Chapters 1, 3-5) Questions And Answers Well Illustrasted.

Microbiology Exam 1 (Chapters 1, 3-5) Questions And Answers Well Illustrasted. Microbiology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Specialized qarea qof qbiology qthat qdeals qwith qorganisms qordinarily qtoo qsmall qto qbe qseen qwithout qmagnification. Microorganisms q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.A qliving qthing qordinarily qtoo qsmall qto qbe qseen qwithout qmagnification. Classification q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Orderly qarrangement qof qorganisms qinto qgroups. Nomenclature q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.System qof qassigning qnames. Binomial qnomenclature q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Two-name qsystem qof qnaming qorganisms q(Latin, qGreek). qTwo qnames: qGenus, qspecies. qIt's qalways qunderlined qor qitalicized. qGenus qfirst qletter qalways qcapitalized, qspecies qnot qcapitalized. qOnce qit's qbeen qmentioned, qthe qgenus qname qcan qbe qshortened. Acellular qorganisms q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Viruses. qExist qwithout qa qcellular qstructure. Cellular qorganisms q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Prokaryotes qand qEukaryotes. Prokaryotes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organisms qwhose qgenetic qmaterial qis qnot qenclosed qin qmembrane qand qlack qspecific qorganelles qincluding qa qnucleus q(bacteria). Eukaryotes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organisms qwhose qgenetic qmaterial qis qenclosed qin qnucleus q(fungi, qprotozoa, qalgae). Prokaryotes qversus qEukaryotes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Prokaryotic qcells qare qsmaller qthan qeukaryotic qcells, qand qin qaddition qto qlacking qa qnucleus, qthey qlack qother qcomplex qinternal qcompartments qcalled qorganelles. qAll qprokaryotes qare qmicroorganisms qwhile qonly qsome qeukaryotes qare qmicroorganisms q(including qalgae, qprotozoa, qmolds qand qyeasts- qand qeven qanthropods). Binary qfission q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.The qway qbacteria qreproduce. qSplitting qof qa qparent qcell qinto qtwo qequal qparts. Mycology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.The qstudy qof qfungi. Phycology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.The qstudy qof qsimple qphotosynthetic qeukaryotes q(algae) qranging qfrom qsingle qcelled qforms qto qlarge qseaweeds. Pathogen q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Disease qcausing qagents. Genetic qengineering q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Manipulates qthe qgenetics qof qmicrobes, qplants, qand qanimals qfor qthe qpurpose qof qcreating qnew qproducts qand qgenetically qmodified qorganisms. Recombinant qDNA q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Switch qDNA qfrom qone qorganism qto qanother qto qdesign qnew qorganisms. Lactic qacid qbacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dairy qproducts, qyogurt qand qcheese. Curds q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Solid qchunks qof qday qold qmilk, q(fats qand qproteins qetc. qused qin qcheese) qand qwhey q(mostly qwater). qA qgallon qof qmilk qyields qonly qabout q1.25 qpounds qof qcheese q(weight qlost qis qwater). Whey q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Liquid qpart qof qday qold qmilk, qmostly qwater. Rennin q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Turn qcaseinogens qto qcasein. Curdling q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Products qcause qmilk qto qseparate qinto qcurds q(the qmilk qsolids, qfats, qproteins, qetc. Scientific qmethod q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Approach qtaken qby qscientists qto qexplain qa qcertain qnatural qphenomenon. Hypothesis q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.A qtentative qexplanation qor qstatement qto qaccount qfor qwhat qis qobserved qor qmeasured. Theory q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Hypothesis qbacked qby qgrowing qdata. Spontaneous qgeneration q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Life qcan qrise qfrom qnonliving qmaterial. Cell qtheory q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.All qthings qare qmade qof qcells. Biogenesis q- q q q qcorrect qproduction qof qliving qorganisms qfrom qother qliving qorganisms Fermentation q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organisms qconvert qsugar qinto qalcohol qor qacid q(vinegar). qUsing qbacterial/fungal qenzymes, qconvert qfood qsubstrate qfrom qone qform qto qanother. qAid qin qslow qfood qspoilage. qFoods quse qit qfor qflavor qand qother qproperties. qFermentation qproducts qinclude qLactic qacid, qacetic qacid, qyeast, qetc. Pasteurization q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.To qkill qorganisms qby qheat, qsome qspoiling qagents qstill qstay. Germ qtheory qof qdisease q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Theory qthat qmicrobes qcan qinvade qother qorganisms qand qcause qdiseases. Koch's qpostulates q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Set qof qprocedures qto qdetermine qif qa qmicrobe qcauses qa qcertain qdisease. qVerified qthe qgerm qtheory qof qdisease. Aseptic qtechnique q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Aimed qat qreducing qmicrobes qin qa qmedical qsetting qand qpreventing qwound qinfections. qLister qproposed qthe qidea qof qaspetic qtechniques qand qthe qimportance qof qhand qwashing qand qequipment qsterilization. Chemotherapy q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Treatment qof qdisease qby qthe quse qof qchemical qsubstances. qNow qproblem qwith qdrug qresistance. Synthetic qdrugs q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Chemical qsubstances qmade qin qa qlab. Antibiotics q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Chemical qsubstance qmade qby qmicrobes. General qsizes qof qmacroscopic qorganisms? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.1 qmm Size qof qMicroscopic qorganisms? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.1 qum qto q100 qum Size qof qViruses? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.10 qnm qto q100 qnm What qare qthe q3 qdomains qused qin qthe qWoese-Fox qsystem qof qclassification? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Bacteria, qArchaea, qEukarya. Which qdomain qare qfungi qmembers qof? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eukarya Which qdomain qare qProtozoa? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eukarya Which qdomain qare qAlgae? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eukarya Which qdomain qare qE. qcoli? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Bacteria Which qdomain qare qViruses? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Neither Viruses q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Neither qprokaryote qor qeukaryote; qacellular. qVery qsmall q(nm). qNeed qan qelectron qmicroscope qto qsee qthem. qParasite. qCore/caspid qcontains qnucleic qacids qand qa qprotein qcoat. qSome qenvelope qaround qcaspids. Bacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Prokaryote. qAll qare qmicrobes. qHas qa qcell qwall qmade qup qof qEubacteria qpeptidoglycan. qAbsorb qnutrition. qReproduce qby qbinary qfission. qUnicellular. qCommonly qfound qin qbiofilms. Algae q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Unicellular, qsome qare qmulticellular. qReproduce qasexually qand qsexually. qNutrition qby qphotosynthesis. qCell qwall qmade qof qcellulose. Fungi q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Some qare qunicellular, qsome qare qmulticellular. qNonmotile. qReproduce qby qasexual qand qsexual qreproduction. qCell qwall qmade qof qchitin. qFungi qdigest qoutside qthen qingest, qabsorb qby qrelease qenzymes qinto qenvironment. qCell qmembrane qmade qof qergosterol qinstead qof qcholesterol. Protozoa q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Unicellular. qReproduce qsexually qand qasexually. qNo qcell qwall. qAbsorb qnutrition. qUse qpseudopods, qcilia qand qflagella qfor qmotility. Name q3 qcellular qstructures qprotozoa quse qfor qlocomotion q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Pseudopods, qflagella, qcilia. Be qfamiliar qwith qthe qways qthat qmicroorganisms qare qbeneficial q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Part qof qfood qchain. qBeneficially qinteract qwith qother qorganisms qin qnature. qNormal qflora- qvitamins. qHelp qinitial qdigestion qof qnutrients qin qrumen qof qstomach q(primarily qcellulose). qProduction qof qoxygen. qAntibiotics, qvaccine, qmedical qadvances). Be qfamiliar qwith qthe qways qthat qmicrobes qaffect qthe qworld. q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Found qeverywhere, qpart qof qthe qecosystem q(make qgreenhouse qgasses, qsoil qformation, qmineral qextraction), qNutrient qrecycling q(CO2 qand qNitrogen qfixation). qDecomposition. qInteractions qwith qother qorganisms- qpathogens qor qbeneficial. Mycology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qfungi. Protozoology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qprotozoa. Virology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qviruses. Phycology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qsimple qphotosynthetic qeukaryotes. Morphology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qdetailed qstructure qof qmicroorganisms. Physiology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qMicrobial qfunction. Taxonomy q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Classification/naming/ qidentification. Bacteriology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qBacteria. Microbial qecology q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Study qof qrelationship qbetween qmicrobes qand qenvironment. What qgeneral qmetabolic qprocess qused qby qmicrobes qaids qin qfood qproduction? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fermentation. Yeast q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.A qtype qof qmicroscopic qfungi qthat qmakes qbread qrise qand qferments qsugar qto qmake qalcoholic qbeverages. Why qcan qcheeses qhave qdifferent qtastes qand qproperties qeven qthough qthey qare qall qmade qfrom qthe qlactic qacid qfermentation qof qmilk? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Different qmicrobes qgive qdifferent qflavors qby qdifferent qfermentation qend qproducts. What qmolecule qfound qin qyogurt qmakes qit qtaste qtart? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Acetaldehyde. What qcauses qholes qto qform qin qswiss qcheese? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fermenting qthe qremaining qlactose q& qproducing qcarbon qdioxide qbubbles qin qthe qcheese. How qdoes qwine qbecome qsour? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Wine qexposed qto qair qand qbacteria qform qacetic qacid. Why qdid qthe qstudy qof qmicroorganisms qnot qofficially qbegin quntil qthe q1500s? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Microscope qnot qdeveloped quntil qthe q1500's. Hooke q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Coined qthe qterm q"cell." Needham q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spontaneous qbacteria qin qheated qbroth qwith qcover. Redi q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.No qflies qfrom qmeat. Pasteur q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.S-neck qflask qand qaseptic qtechnique. qVaccine qfor qcholera qand qrabies. Schwann q& qSchleiden q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.All qliving qthings qare qmade qof qcells. Virchow q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Living qcells qcome qfrom qpreexisting qcells. Lister q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Use qcarbolic qacid qsprayer q(phenol) qto qsterilize qsurgical qwounds qand qinstruments qto qreduce qinfection. Semmelweis q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Hand qwashing qduring qchild qbirth qby qdoctors. Jenner q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Vaccine qfor qsmallpox. Ehrlich q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Coined qterm q"chemotherapy." qUsed qthe qfirst qsynthetic qchemo qthat qdid qnot qdamage qtissue: qMagic qbullet. Flemming q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Penicillin qfrom qmold. Venter q& qSmith q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Complete qsequence qof qbacterial qgenome. What qare qthe qthree qtheories qof qhow qlife qemerged qdiscussed qin qlecture? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Cell qtheory, qbiogenesis, qspontaneous qgeneration. What qwere qthe qmajor qaccomplishments qof qthe qGolden qAge qof qMicrobiology? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fermentation qPasteurization, qGerm qTheory, qVaccination. Why qdoes qmilk qspoil qeven qif qit qis qpasteurized? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Some qspoilage qorganisms qstay. Name qtwo qfoods qthat qare qpasteurized qbesides qmilk q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eggs, qHoney. What qare qthe qtwo qtypes qof qchemotherapy? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Synthetic qdrugs qand qantibiotics. Sterile q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Complete qabsence qof qviable qmicrobes. Aseptic q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Prevent qinfection. Inoculation q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Cultivating q(CULTURING) qmicroorganisms qby qintroducing qa qsample q(INOCULUM) qinto qa qcontainer qof qnutrient qmedium. Culture q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Observable qgrowth qthat qappears qin qor qon qthe qmedium q(cloudiness, qcolony) Incubation q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.The qmedium qis qplaced qin qa qtemperature-controlled qchamber q(INCUBATOR) qto qallow qfor qgrowth qthat qis qobserved qmacroscopically qas qgrowth qon qthe qplate qsurface qor qcloudiness qin qa qliquid qmedium. qImportant qbecause qthis qis qwhere qcells qhave qa qchance qto qduplicate. Isolation q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Separate qindividual qmicrobes qand qachieve qisolated qcolonies Inspection q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Colonies/broth qobserved qmacroscopically qfor qgrowth qcharacteristics q(Color, qtexture, qsize) qfor qanalysis. Identification q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Determine qthe qtype qof qmicrobe. Inoculum q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Sample. Liquefiable qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Changes qphysical qproperties qdepend qon qtemp q(Agar, qGelatin.) Nonliquefiable qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Does qnot qmelt q(Potato qslices.) Agar q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Growth qmedium qthat qis qflexible, qholds qnutrients qand qmoisture. qSolid qat qroom qtemperature, qnot qreadily qdigested qby qorganisms. Synthetic/defined qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.All qchemicals qknown. Complex qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Exact qchemical qmakeup qunknown. General qpurpose qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Broad qspectrum, qusually qnonsynthetic/complex, qno qspecific qgrowth qrequirements q(nutrient qagar qor qTSA). qGrows qa qbunch qof qthings qat qonce. qJust qput qa qbunch qon qand qsee qwhat qgrows. Enriched qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Complex qmedium qwith qadded qspecial qnutrients q(vitamins, qserum), qgrowth qof qfastidious qorganisms. qExample: qBlood qagar. Selective qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.One qor qmore qagents qthat qinhibit qgrowth qof qcertain qorganisms qfrom qa qmixed qsample. qKills qone qtype qand qselects qa qdifferent qone. Differential qgrowth qmedia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Allow qfor qthe qgrowth qof qdifferent qmicrobes qbut qpermits qways qof qtelling qthem qapart. qDoesn't qkill qone qtype. Fastidious qorganisms q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organisms qthat qrequire qcomplex qnutrients qand qspecial qgrowth qfactors. Colony q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Mounds qof qcells, qconsists qof qone qspecies. Pure qculture q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Only qone qknown qspecies/type qof qmicrobe qidentified. Mixed qculture q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Two qor qmore qeasily qidentified qspecies qof qmicrobes- qthe qdifferent qtypes qSHOULD qbe qthere. Contaminated qculture q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Once qpure/mixed qculture qwith qundesired qorganisms q(CONTAMINANTS) qadded qthat qruins qexperiment. Magnification q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.The qability qof qa qmicroscope qlens qto qmake qthe qimage qof qan qobject qto qappear qenlarged. Resolution q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Resolving qpower, qthe qability qof qa qmicroscope qlens qto qdistinguish qbetween qtwo qseparate qentities qthat qsit qnear qone qanother, qability qto qshow qdetail. Virtual qimage q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Image qobserved qby qthe qeye. qFormed qby qocular qlens. Real qimage q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Formed qby qobjective qlens, qclosest qto qthe qspecimen. Total qmagnification q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Power qof qobjective qlens qX qpower qof qocular qlens. Mount q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Specimen qplaced qon qglass qslide. Smear q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dead qor qfixed qpreps. Why qare qstudying qmicrobes qa qchallenge qfor qscientists? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Microbes qhard qto qsee qwithout qhelp, qCan qhave qcontamination qfrom qother qundesirable qorganisms, qMicrobes qfound qin qcomplex qassociations qso qneed qto qseparate qand qidentify qdifferent qorganisms, qNeed qto qgrow qorganisms qin qartificial qconditions. What qare qthe q5 qI's qof qculturing qmicrobes? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Inoculation, qIncubation, qIsolation, qIsolation, qInspection, qand qIdentification. What qare qexamples qof qinstruments qused qfor qinoculation? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Loop, qneedles, qpipettes, qswabs. Only q1% qof qall qmicroorganisms qare qstudied qin qthe qlab. qWhy qdo qyou qthink qthis qis qthe qcase? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Some qmicrobes qare qnonculturable qmeaning qwe qcan't qsupply qthem qwith qthe qproper qgrowth qmedium. What qare qthe qadvantages qof qthe quse qof qagar qas qthe qhardening qagent qin qgrowth qmedium qas qcompared qto qgelatin? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Agar qis qsolid qat qroom qtemperature qand qnot qdigestible qby qorganisms. qAlso, qagar qis qflexible qand qholds qmoisture qand qnutrients. Agar qis qwhat qtype qof qmacromolecule qand qis qmade qfrom qwhat qorganism? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Carbohydrate What qare qthe qdifferences qbetween qsynthetic qand qcomplex qmedia? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.We qknow qall qof qthe qchemicals qof qsynthetic qmedia qbut qcomplex qmedia qhas qone qor qmore qunknown qchemicals. If qblood qor qmilk qis qadded qto qa qmedium, qis qit qcomplex qor qsynthetic? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Complex. Liquefiable qor qreversible qsolid qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Agar, qGelatin. Nonliquefiable qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Potato qslices. General qPurpose qMedium q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Nutrient qagar/ qTrypticase qsoy qagar q(TSA). Complex qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Nutrient qagar/blood qagar/ qEMB/ qMacConkey qagar. Enriched qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Blood qagar. Selective qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.EMB/MacConkey qagar/ qSabourauds/Salmonella qShigella. Differential qmedia qexample q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Hektoen/EMB/ qBlood qAgar/Bird qSeed. examples qof qgrowth qmedia qthat qhave qmultiple qfunctions q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.MacConkey qand qBlood qAgar qand qMannitol qSalt qAgar. Name qthe qagents qthat qare qused qto qselect qfor qmicrobes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Antimicrobial qdrugs qand qacid. Why qare qpH qindicators qused qto qdifferentiate qmicrobes? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.pH qindicators qto qindicate qpresence qof qacid/base q(Neutral qred, qbromothymol qblue). qMacConkey: qNeutral qred, qyellow qneutral, qpink/red qacid. qE. qcoli: qAcid qwhen quse qlactose q(red/pink). qSalmonella: qNone. What qare qthe qdifferent qmethods qof qmicrobe qisolation? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Streak qplate, qpour qplate qand qspread qplate qmethods. Which qlens qof qa qcompound qmicroscope qis qused qto qform qthe qvirtual qimage? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Ocular qlens. Which qlens qis qused qto qform qthe qReal qimage? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Objective qlens. Why qdoes qan qoil qimmersion qlens qrequire qoil qfor qbetter qresolution? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Increasing qthe qefficiency qof qthe qlens qto qgather qlight. qKeeps qlight qfrom qbending qaway qfrom qlens. What qfactors qaffect qthe qresolution qof qa qmicroscope? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Wavelength How qcan qthe qwavelength qof qa qlight qmicroscope qbe qshorten qto qimprove qresolution? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Decrease qwavelength= qbetter qresolution. qLower qresolution qof qlight qmicroscope qusing qthe qblue-green qfilter. Why qare qelectron qmicroscopes q"better" qmicroscopes qthan qlight qmicroscopes? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Better qresolution, qbetter qmagnification. qShows qfine qdetails qof qcell qand qvirus qstructure. What qare qthe qbasic qdifferences qbetween qlight qand qelectron qmicroscopes? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dead qspecimens qand qmagnet qlenses. qStained qwith qmetal qfor qcontrast. What qare qthe qdifferent qmounts qthat qcan qbe qprepared? q- q q q qcorrect g qor qdead qpreps. Basic qdyes q(cationic) q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.+ qcharged qchromophore. qAttract q- qcharged qcell qparts. qStain qmost qbacteria q(Positive qStain). q Example: qMethylene qblue, qcrystal qviolet, qfuchsin, qsafranin, qmalachite qgreen. Acidic qdyes q(anionic) q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.- qcharged qchromophore. qAttract q+ qcharged qcell qparts, qstain qeukaryotes, qbacteria qrepel qso qstain qremains qoutside q(negative qstain). qExample: qEosin q(red), qIndia qink, qNigrosin. Positive qstaining q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dye qsticks qto qcells qto qcolor, qBackground qnot qstained. qUses qbasic qdyes: qCrystal qviolet, qmethylene qblue. qSubtypes: qSimple, qDifferential, qSpecial qstains. Negative qstaining q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dye qsettles qoutside qcells, qBackground qstained qdark. qAcidic qdyes: qIndia qink, qNigrosin. qSubtypes: qCapsule, qEndospore qstains. Which qtype qof qstain q(basic qacidic) qis qbetter qfor qstaining qbacteria qand qwhy? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Basic qbecause qbacteria qcontain qa qlot qof qacid qso qthey qrepel qthe qacidic qdye qand qthe qacidic qstain qwould qremain qoutside. Simple qstain q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.a qsingle qstain. qEx- qMalachite qGreen, qcrystal qviolet, qsafarrin. Differential qstain q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Complex, qtwo qdifferent qcolored qdyes qto qtell qtwo qtypes qof qcells qapart q(Primary qstain qthen qCounter qStain qused qonce qprimary qstain qis qremoved). qEx- qAcid qFast, qGram qstain, qEndospore qstain. Which qstain qcan qbe qused qto qview qMycobacterium? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Acid qFast qStain. Gram qStaining qProcedure q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.1. qCrystal qviolet qis qthe qprimary qstain qof qthe qGram qstain. qAll qcells qbecome qpurple. q2. qAlcohol, qthe qdecolorizer, qis qadded. qDuring qa qGram qstain, qafter qthis qreagent qis qadded qto qgram-positive qorganisms, qthey qappear qpurple. qDuring qa qGram qstain, qafter qthis qreagent qis qadded qto qgram-negative qorganisms, qthey qappear qas qclear. q3. qIodine, qthe qmordant qof qthe qGram qstain, qis qadded. qAll qcells qare qpurple. q4. qSafranin qis qthe qcounterstain qof qthe qGram qstain. qAfter qsafranin qis qadded qto qgram-positive qorganisms, qthey qappear qpurple qand qthe qgram qnegative qorganisms qappear qpink. Gram qstain qis qused qto qdifferentiate qbetween qcells qbased qon qwhat qstructure? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Differences qin qcell qwalls What qis qthe qprimary qstain qof qthe qacid-fast qstain? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Carbol qfuchsin. What qis qthe qCounterstain qof qthe qacid qfast qstain? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Brilliant qGreen. What qis qthe qDecolorizer qof qthe qacid qfast qstain? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Acid qalcohol. Chemotaxis q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organisms qmove qtoward qor qaway qfrom qa qchemical qstimulus. Axial qfilaments q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Periplasmic, qinternal qflagella, qenclosed qbetween qcell qwall qand qcell qmembrane qof qspirochetes q(Borrelia). qProduce qcellular qmotility qby qcontracting qand qimparting qtwisting qor qflexing qmotion. Fimbriae q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fine, qproteinaceous, qhairlike qbristles qfrom qthe qcell qsurface. qFunction qin qadhesion qto qother qcells qand qsurfaces. Slime qlayer q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Loosely qorganized qand qattached qlayer qof qthe qGlycocalyx. qA qloose qshield qthat qevidently qprotects qbacteria qfrom qdehydration qand qloss qof qnutrients. Capsule q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Highly qorganized qand qtightly qattached qlayer qof qthe qGlycocalyx. qComposed qof qrepeating qpolysaccharide qunits, qprotein qor qboth. Biofilm q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Microcolonies qof qmicrobes qencased qin qEPS qmatrix q& qseparated qfrom qothers qby qwater qchannels. qConsists qof qexopolysaccharides q(EPS) qand qmicrobes. EPS q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Primary qmatrix qmaterial qmade qof qpolysaccharides. Peptidoglycan q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Unique qmacromolecule qcomposed qof qa qrepeating qframework qof qlong qglycan qchains qcross-linked qby qshort qpeptide qfragments. qPrimary qpart qof qthe qcell qwalls. Acid qpolysaccharides q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Functions qin qcell qwall qmaintenance, qenlargement qduring qcell qdivision, qmore qpermeable: qmove qcations qacross qthe qcell qenvelope, qstimulate qa qspecific qimmune qresponse. Teichoic qacid q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Acid qpolysaccharide qattached qto qpeptidoglycan. Lipopolysaccharides q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Endotoxin qthat qmay qbecome qtoxic qwhen qreleased qduring qinfections. qMay qfunction qas qreceptors qand qblocking qimmune qresponse. Nucleoid q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dense qarea qcontaining qtightly qcoiled qDNA qaround qa qprotein. Plasmid q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Small qcircular, qdouble-stranded qDNA. qFree qor qintegrated qinto qthe qchromosome, qduplicated qand qpassed qon qto qoffspring. qNot qessential qto qbacterial qgrowth qand qmetabolism. qMay qencode qantibiotic qresistance, qtolerance qto qtoxic qmetals, qenzymes qand qtoxins. qUsed qin qgenetic qengineering: qReadily qmanipulated qand qtransferred qfrom qcell qto qcell. Magnetosomes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Iron qoxide. Endospore q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Not qreproductive, qdifferent qform qwhen qexposed qto qadverse qenvironmental qconditions; qhigh qresistance qand qvery qlong-term qsurvival. Vegetative qcell q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Metabolically qactive q& qgrowing qphase qof qa qbacterial qcell. Sporangium q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Once qthis qstimulus qhas qbeen qreceived qby qthe qvegetative qcell, qit qconverts qto qa qcommitted qsporulating qcell qcalled qa qsporangium. Coccus q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spherical. Bacillus q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Rod. Spirillum q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Helical, qcomma, qtwisted qrod. Bergey's qManual q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Five qvolume qresource qcovering qall qknown qprokaryotes. qClassification qbased qon qgenetic qinformation. qPhylogenic. q2 qdomains: qArchaea qand qBacteria qand q5 qmajor qsubgroups qwith q25 qdifferent qphyla) Firmicutes q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Mainly qGram-positive qwith qlow qG q+ qC qcontent q(Clostridium, qBacillus, qStaphylococcus, qStreptococcus) Proteobacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Gram-negative qcell qwalls q(Rickettsias, qenterics, qHelicobacter). Actinobacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Gram-positive qwith qhigh qG q+ qC qcontent q(Mycobacterium, qMicrococcus). Heterocyst q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fix qNitrogen qgas q(important qin qforming qan qoxygen qatom). Bacteriochlorophyll q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Not qgive qoff qoxygen. qAnaerobic, qin qsulfur qsprings, qswamps. qUse qsulfur qcompounds qmetabolically. Gliding qmotility q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Rotation qof qfilaments qunder qthe qOM q(no qflagella). Extremophile q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Live qin qthe qmost qextreme qhabitats qin qnature q(heat, qsalt, qacid qpH, qpressure q& qatmosphere). What qare qthe qgeneral qcharacteristics qof qcells qthat qwere qdiscussed qin qlecture? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Basic qshape: qSpherical,cubical, qcylindrical. qInternal qcontent: qCytoplasm, qsurrounded qby qa qmembrane. qGenetic qmaterial: qDNA qchromosome(s). qProtein qsynthesis: qRibosomes. qPerform qcomplex qchemical qreactions q(METABOLISM). What qare qthe qtwo qtypes qof qappendages qfound qon qthe qoutside qof qbacterial qcells? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Locomotor qand qGlycocalyx Atrichous q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.No qflagellar qattachment Monotrichous q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Single qflagellum. Lophotrichous q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Small qbunches qarising qfrom qone qend qof qcell. Amphitrichous q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Flagella qat qboth qends qof qcell. Peritrichous q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Flagella qdispersed qover qsurface qof qcell; qslowest. Pili q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Rigid qtubular qstructure qmade qof qpilin qprotein. qMostly qin qGram qnegative qcells, qsome qGram q+. qFunction qto qjoin qbacterial qcells qfor qpartial qDNA qtransfer qcalled qconjugation. Fimbriae q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fine, qproteinaceous, qhairlike qbristles qfrom qthe qcell qsurface.Function qin qadhesion qto qother qcells qand qsurfaces. What qare qthe qtwo qtypes qof qglycocalyx? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Slime qlayer-Loosely qorganized q& qattached qand qCapsule qlayer qwhich qis qHighly qorganized qtightly qattached. Glycocalyx q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.A qnetwork qof qfibers qmade qof qpolysaccharides qthat qcome qin qdirect qcontact qwith qenvironment. qHas qa qslime qlayer, qcapsule qand qextracellular qmatrix. qFunctions: qAdherence, qbiofilms, qprotection, qsignal qreception. qBelow qthe qglycocalyx: qIn qfungi qand qalgae- qthick qrigid qcell qwall. qIn qprotozoa qand qall qanimal qcells- qno qcell qwall, qonly qa qmembrane. Septated q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Cytoplasm q& qnuclei qof qhyphae qdivided qby qcross qwalls. What qis qthe qfunction qof qbiofilms qand qname qan qexample qof qwhere qto qfind qthese qstructures q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Microcolonies qof qmicrobes qencased qin qEPS qmatrix q& qseparated qfrom qothers qby qwater qchannels. qConsists qof qexopolysaccharides q(EPS) qand qmicrobes. qEPS: qPrimary qmatrix qmaterial qmade qof qpolysaccharides. qBenefits: qProtect qagainst qantibodies qand qantibiotics; qphagocytosis. qImportant qfor qinfections: qDental qplaque, qin qdwelling qdevices, qUTIs. What qis qthe qimportance qof qthe qcell qenvelope qin qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Maintains qcell qintegrity-Determines qcell qshape qprevents qlysis q(bursting) qor qcollapsing qdue qto qchanging qosmotic qpressures. What qtwo qcomponents qmake qup qthe qcell qenvelope? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Peptidoglycan qand qAcid qpolysaccharides. Gram-positive qbacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Thick qcell qwall qcomposed qprimarily qof qpeptidoglycan qand qcell qmembrane. qOne qlayer. Gram-negative qbacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Outer qcell qmembrane, qthin qpeptidoglycan qlayer, qand qcell qmembrane. qTwo qlayers. qLess qpeptidoglycan qthan qGram qpositive. What qcolor qare qGram-positive qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Purple. Gram-negative qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Red. What qorganisms qare qstained qwith qthe qacid-fast qstain? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Mycobacterium. What qthe qtwo qcell qtypes qinvolved qin qthe qendospore qlife qcycle? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Endospore qand qVegetative qCell. Which qcell qis qdormant? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Endospore. Which qendospore qcell qis qviable qor qactive? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Vegetative qCell. What qis qthe qadvantage qif qa qbacterium qbeing qable qto qform qendospores? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Hardiest qof qall qlife qforms: q250 qmillion qyrs. qResistant qto qordinary qcleaning qmethods q& qboiling. qWithstands qextremes: qHeat, qdrying, qfreezing, qradiation qand qchemicals. qResistance qlinked qto qa qthick qcoat qthat qhas qhigh qlevels qof qcalcium qand qdipicolinic qacid. Name qtwo qexamples qof qorganisms qthat qcan qmake qendospores q(Genus qname) q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Clostridium qand qBacillus. Bergey's qmanual qclassifies qbacteria qbased qon qwhat? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Genetic qinformation: qPhylogenetic. Be qfamiliar qwith qthe qphyla qof qthe qdomain qBacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spirochaetes, qDeinococcus-Thermus, qAquificae, qCyanobacteria, qChloroflexi, qThermotogae, qProteobacteria, qFirmicutes Know qexamples qof qbacteria qthat qare qphotosynthetic. q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Cyanobacteria q(blue-green qalgae); qGliding qor qfruiting qbacteria qand qgreen qand qpurple qsulfur. What qstructures qare qfound qin qcyanobacteria qand qnot qin qmany qother qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Chlorophyll, qheterocysts. What qimportant qprocess qdo qcyanobacteria qperform? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fix qnitrogen qgas. Name qexamples qof qcyanobacteria qdiscussed qin qclass. q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Anabaena, qArthrospira. What qare qthe qmain qdifferences qbetween qcyanobacteria qand qgreen q& qpurple qsulfur qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Green qand qPurple qsulfur qalso qperform qphotosynthesis qbut qthey quse qbacteriochlorophyll qand qare qanaerobic. qExample: qChlorobium. Name qone qexample qof qmyxobacteria q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Myxococcus. Fruiting qbodies qare qproduced qwhen qmyxobacteria qare q- q q q qcorrect ing. Know qexamples qof qintracellular qobligate qparasites qthat qare qpathogens q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Rickettsia qand qChlamydia. How qare qarchaea qdifferent qfrom qother qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Unique qgenetic qsequences qin qtheir qrRNA; qUnique qmembrane qlipids q& qcell qwall qconstruction; qno qpeptidoglycan. qNo qspores. qAsexual qreproduction: qBinary qfission, qfragment, qbudding. Endosymbiosis q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eukaryotes qevolved qfrom qlarger qprokaryotes qthat qengulfed qsmaller qprokaryotes. Cristae q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Outer qmembrane q& qinner qmembrane qwith qfolds. qHold qthe qenzymes q& qelectron qcarriers qof qaerobic qrespiration. Matrix q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Space qinside qinner qmembrane. Thylakoid q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Inner qmembrane qfolded qinto qsacs. Hyphae q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Multicellular, qBasic qunits, qA qslender qfilaments qof qcytoplasm q& qnuclei qenclosed qby qa qcell qwall q(Molds qor qlong qfilamentous qfungi). Yeast q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Single qcell, qround qovoid qshape, qasexual qreproduction qby qbudding. Saprobe q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Harmless, qlive qoff qof qdead qplants qand qanimals; qwaste. Mycoses q- q q q qcorrect l qinfections. Mycelium q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Interwoven qmass qof qhyphae. Sporangiospores q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Asexual qSpores. qSuccessive qcleavages qin qa qsac-like qhead q(Sporangium) qattached qto qa qstalk q(Sporangiophore). qRelease qthru qrupture. Conidia q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Asexual qSpores. qCommon. qFree qspores qnot qenclosed qin qa qsac. qPinching qoff qof qspecial qhyphae qor qsegmentation qof qvegetative qhyphae. Zygospores q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Sexual qspore. qTwo qmycelia qfuse qto qform qzygote/zygospore. qZygospore qgerminate qand qform qmycelia qthen qsporangium. Ascospores q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spores qin qsac q(Ascus), qAscospore qgerminate qthen qform qconidia. Ascus q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spores qin qa qsac. Basidiospores q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spores qin qclub qshaped qcell q(Basidium). qBasidiospore qgerminate qto qform qconidia. Basidium q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Spores qin qa qclub qshaped qcell. Heterotroph q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Not qmake qown qfood: qFeed qby qengulfing qother qmicrobes q(algae, qbacteria), qscavenge qdead qorganisms qand qorganic qmatter, qfood qto qgrooves qinto qgullet qfor qpackaging qfood qin qvacuoles. Autotroph q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Make qown qfood qby qphotosynthesis. Dinoflagellates q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Red qtide. qUnicellular, qCeratium, qcellulose qcell qwalls, qchlorophyll q(red qtides) qgive qoff qtoxins qthat qcause qfood qpoisoning qwith qneurological qsymptoms. Diatoms q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.(Golden qbrown qalgae): qUnicellular, qsilicate qcell qwalls, qchlorophyll, qplankton. Spirogyra q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Pond qscum. Pseudopod q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.How qprotozoa qmove. Trophozoite q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Motile qfeeding qstage qof qa qprotozoan qlife qcycle; qall. Cyst q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Dormant qresting qstage qof qa qprotozoan qlife qcycle qwhen qconditions qare qunfavorable; qsome. Conjugation q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Sexual qreproduction qthat qoccurs qin qsome qprotozoa. Transverse qfission q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Asexual qreproduction qin qprotozoa. Sporozoite q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Type qof qcyst. Basic qparts qof qa qeukaryotic qcell q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Organelles- qstructures qthat qspecialize qfunction- qcompartmentalize. qFlagella, qcilia, qglycocalyx, qcapsule, qcell qmembrane, qnucleus, qER, qGolgi. What qare qthe qbasic qdifferences qbetween qflagella qand qcilia? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Flagella: qCylinder qwith qregularly qspaced qmicrotubules qin qa q9+2 qarrangement q(9 qpairs qaround qone qpair). qMore qcomplex qand q10X qthicker qthan qprokaryotic qflagella. qFunction: qMotility. qCilia: qSimilar q9+2 qmicrotubular qarrangement. qShorter q& qmore qnumerous. qOnly qon qcertain qprotozoa q& qcertain qanimal qcells. qFunction: qMotility- qfeeding qand qfiltering Which qmicrobes qhave qcell qwalls? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fungi qand qAlgae. What qmolecules qare qin qtheir qcell qwalls q(chitin qetc)? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Fungi- qchitin. qAlage- qcellulose. What qis qthe qdifference qbetween qeukaryotic qand qprokaryotic qribosomes? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Eukaryotes qare qLarger. Know qexamples qof qvacuoles q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Cyst qand qcontractile qvacuole. If qa qcell qdoes qnot qhave qchloroplasts qwhat qfunction qcan qit qnot qdo? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Photosynthesis. Why qare qmitochondria qand qchloroplasts qthought qto qbe qancient qbacteria? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.They qDivide qindependently qof qcell, qContain qDNA q& qprokaryotic q70S qribosomes, qdouble qmembrane. Fungi q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.2 qgroups: qMacroscopic qand qmicroscopic qfungi. qExist qas qeither qvegetative qcells qor qspores. qSome qexist qin qeither qform. qMost qfungi qgrow qin qloose qassociations q(colonies). qEither qyeast qcolonies qor qfilamentous qfungi. qAll qfungi qare qheterotrophic. qMost qfungi qare qharmless qsaprobes q(decomposers) qbut qsome qare qparasites. qExtremely qwidespread. qGrow qbest qbetween q20 qand q40 qdegrees. What qcholesterol-like qcompound qis qfound qin qfungal qcell qmembranes qto qaid qin qstability? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Ergosterol What qare qthe qtwo qvegetative qforms qof qfungi? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Yeast qform qand qhyphae. How qcan qhyphae qbe qclassified? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Based qon qpresence qof qdivision qbetween qcells qor qon qfunction. Nonseptated q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Hyphae qnot qdivided, qmultinucleated. Aerial qvs. qvegetative? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Aerial qproduce qspores qfor qreproduction. qVegetative qabsorb qnutrients. What qare qthe qasexual qways qfungi qcan qreproduce? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Mitotic, qfragmentation, qbudding. Sexual qways qfungi qcan qreproduce? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Meiosis. What qare qthe qbasic qtypes qof qasexual qspores qmade qby qfungi? qMore qcommon? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.Conidia qand qsporangiospores. qConidia qmore qcommon. What qare qthe qfundamental qdifferences? qbetween qconidia qand qsporangiospores? q- q q q qcorrect qanswer.With qsporangiospores, qthere qare qsuccessive qcleavages qin qa qsac qlike