Microbiology Exam 2 Questions And Answers 100% Guaranteed Success.

Microbiology Exam 2 Questions And Answers 100% Guaranteed Success. Are cViruses cLiving cor cNonliving? c- c c c ccorrect canswer.They care conly cconsidered cliving cwhen cthey care cinside cof ca chost ccell, cusing ctheir cresources cand cenergy. c Outside cof ca chost cthey care cconsidered cintert. When care cViruses cconsidered cto cbe c"alive"? c- c c c ccorrect canswer.When cthey care cinside cof ca chost ccell. c When cinside, ctheir cnucleic cacid c(ONLY cRNA cOR cDNA) cbecome cactive. *Virus creplicates Obligatory cIntracellular cParasites c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Require clivinghost ccell cin corder cto cmultiply c- cSuch cas cViruses. Defining ca cVirus c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cContains c1 cNucleic cAcid c(DNA cor cRNA) 2) cProtein ccoat csurrounds cthe cDNA cor cRNA 3)Multiply cwithin chost cusing chost cmachinery c---because cthey cdon't chave cthe cways cof cmaking/obtaining ctheir cown cnutrients. clike cATP cor cenzymes. Virus cCharacteristics c- c c c ccorrect canswer.*Some care cenclosed cby can cenvelope cwhich cconsists cof clipids, cproteins, ccarbohydrates *some chave cspikes *only cinfect cthe ccells cof cONE chost. Host cRange c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cspectrum cof chost ccells cthat ca cvirus ccan cinfect. c -invertebrates -vertebrates -plants -protist -fungi -bacteria The cvirus cmust cbe cable cto cattach cto ca cthe cparticular chost's ccell. **Host crange cis cdetermined cb cspecific cattachment csites con cthe chost ccell's csurface Bacteriophages c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Bacteria cthat cis cinfected cby ca cvirus How cdo cViruses cattach cto ca chost ccell c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Through creceptors con cthe chost ccell's csurface. There cmust cbe can cinteraction. Capsid c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Protein ccoat cthat csurrounds cthe cNucleic cAcid cof ca cvirus. c(not cthe cwhole cvirus citself. cThat's can cenvelope.) ****Made cup cof cindividualized cCapsomeres**** *accounts cfor cmost cof cthe cmass cof ca cviral ccell. Capsomeres c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Protein csubunits cthat cmake cup ca ccapsid c (think cof ctiny cballs cthat ccome ctogether cto cmake ca chuge ccoating caround cthe cNucleic cAcid) c *capsomeres ccan cbe cmade cup cof cmultiple ctypes cof cproteins cor cone csingle ctype cof cprotein Envelope c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Surrounds cthe cvirus cas ca cwhole. c *Synonymus cto ca csomatic ccell's cPlasma cMembrane. cBut caround ca cvirus. c ***Composed cof cproteins, clipids cand ccarbs. *Could cbe ccovered cin cspikes NOT cALL cVIRUSES cHAVE cENVELOPES Spikes c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Cover cthe cenvelope cof cthe ccell Composed cof cprotein cand ccarbohydrates. c -Used cfor cattachment cto cthe chost ccell Spikes cdiffer, cand ccan cbe cidentified cas cdifferent cvirus cby cthe chost cbody. cThat's cwhy cyou ccan cget cthe cflu cmore cthan conce ca cyear, cthere's ca cchange cin cspikes. c -Can cbe cused cfor cidentification cfor csome cvirsus cunder cmicroscope. Helical cCapsid c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Long crods cthat care cflexible cand crigid These csurround cthe cNucleic cAcid. *Capsids care chollow ccylinders csurrounding cthe cnucleic cacid. c *CAN cOR cCANNOT cHAVE cA cENVELOPE. c Without cenvelope c= cthey clook clike clong cnoodles, cbecause cit's cjust cthe ccapsid cand cno csphereical cshape WITH cthe cenvelope c= cthey clook clike cballs, cbut cwith ctheir cNucleic cacids call ctangled cinside. Polyhedrical cCapsid c- c c c ccorrect canswer.These care cicosahedron, cand care c20 ctriangle cshapes, cwith c12 ccorners. c THEY cCAN cBE cWITH cOR cWITHOUT cENVELOPE -Without cenvelope, cyou ccan csee ctheir cindividual ccaposomere cand ctheir cmany cdifferent ctriangular cfaces cof cthe cCapsid WITH cenvelope, cthey cappear cordinarily cspherical, cand clike ca cnormal ccell. c(Some chave cspikes) Complex cCapsid c- c c c ccorrect canswer.They chave ca cvariety cof cweird cshapes cwithin cthe cone cvirus ccell, cand clook cjust cstraight cup cweird. c They ccan cbe cbacteriaphages cand cjust clook cmutuant Family cnames csuffix cfor cTaxonomy c- c c c ccorrect canswer.-viridae Ex. cHerpesviridae Genus cname csuffix cTaxonomy c- c c c ccorrect canswer.-virus c Genus cSimplexvirus Ex. cHerpesvirus Viral cspecies c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A cgroup cof cviruses csharing cthe csame cgenetic cinformation cand cecological cniche c(niche=host) c Viral cspecies care cdesignated cby cdescriptive ccommon cnames, csuch cas chuman cimmunodeficiency cvirus c(HIV), Subspecies c- c c c ccorrect canswer.They care cdetermined cby cthe cNUMBER cthat cis cattached cto cthe cspecific cgenus cof cthe cfamily. cThese care cviruses cthat ccan caffect chumans HIV-1, cHIV-2 Plaque c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Areas cof cclearing cwhere cthe cthe cvirus chas ckilled cthe cbacteria PFU c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Plaque cForming cUnit *Concentrations cof cviral csuspensions cmeasured cby cthe cnumber cof cplaques Cytopathic cEffect c- c c c ccorrect canswer.CPE c This cis ccell cdeterioration cafter ca cvirus cinfects ca cmonolayer cof ccells cthat cappears cto cbe cgrowing cjust cfine. c The ccells cclump ctogether cas cthey cdeteriorate. Virion c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Complete, cfully cdeveloped, cinfectious cviral cparticle ccomposed cof cnucleic cacid cand csurrounded cby cprotein ccoat cthat cprotects cit cfrom cthe cenvironment cand cis ca cvehicle cof ctransmission cfrom cone chost ccell cto canother. **AKA cMATURE cPHAGE Lytic cCycle c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The ccycle cthat cbacteriophages cuse cto cmultiply. WHERE cTHE cCYCLE cENDS cWITH cLYIS cAND cDEATH cOF cHOST cCELL. Lysogenic cCycle c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The ccycle cthat cbacteriophages cuse cto cmultiply. Where cthe chost ccell cremails calive cafter cthe ccycle. Phage cLysozyme c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Enzyme creleased cby cthe cbacteriophage ctails cto cbreak cdown cbacteria ccell cwall cso cthey ccan center cthe cbacteria. Lytic cCycle cof ca cT-Even cBacteriophage c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cATTACHMENT cto cbacteria ccell cwall cby ctail cfibers cto ccomplementary creceptor csites c 2) cENTRY cof cviron cDNA cinside cthe cbacteria, cand cthe cprotein ccapsid cis cleft coutside cof cthe cbacteria ccell 3) cBIOSYNTHESIS cgoes cunderway cto cuse cthe chost cmachinery cto cinterfear cwith chost cDNA csynthesis, cand cmakes cthe cphage cDNA cinstead 4) cMATURATION cis cundergone cwhen ccapsids care cassembled caround cthe cDNA, cand cthe c"assembly cline" chappens cto cform cthe cvirions 5) cRELEASE cor cLYSE chappens cwhen cthe cnew cvirions care creleased cto cinfect cother ccells. cThe chost ccell cdoes cnot csurvive cthrough cthis ccycle. Prophage c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cVirus cand cthe cbacteria's cDNA ccombined cinto cone. Oncogene c- c c c ccorrect canswer.a cgene cthat ccan cbring cabout cmalignant ctransformation c *Also ccalled ca ccancer ccausing cgene Pathology c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Scientific cstudy cof cdisease c "Patho" cdisease/suffering c- cLogos c"study cof/science" =Concerned cwith cthe cchanges cbrought cby cthe cdisease cand cchange cit chas con cthe cbody. Pathogenesis c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cMANNER cin cwhich ca cdisease cDEVELOPS Eitology c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cstudy cof cthe cCAUSE cof cthe cdisease Koch's cPostulates c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cSame cpathogen cmust cbe cpresent cin cEVERY cCASE cof cthe cdisease c(aka cto cbe cconsistant) 2) cPathogen cmust cbe cisolated cfrom cthe cdisease chost cand cgrown cin cpure cculture c 3)Pathogens cfrom cthe cpure cculture cmust ccause cthe cdisease cwhen cit cis cincoulated cinto ca chealthy, csuspetible clab canimal cand cthen ccause cdisease 4) cThe cpathogen cmust cbe cisolated cfrom cthe cinoculated canimal cand cmust cbe cshown cto cbe cthe coriginal corganism c c- cBoth corganisms cinfecting cboth chost cmust cmatch cthe ckind cof corganism cthat cis cgrown cand cextracted. Koch's cPostulates c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Used cto cdetermine cthe ccausative cagent cfor cbacterial cdiseases Symptom c- c c c ccorrect canswer.SUBJECTIVE c A cchange cin ca cbody cfunction cthat cis cfelt cby ca cpatient cas ca cresult cof cdisease. c -Subjective cand cnot cmeasurable cby cempircial cdata: cPAIN. Sign c- c c c ccorrect canswer.OBJECTIVE c A cchange cin ca cbody cthat ccan cbe cmeasured cand cobsterved -Anything cempirical: cLesions, cfever, cswelling Syndrome c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A cspecific cgroup cof csigns cand csymptoms cthat caccompany ca cspecific cdisease Communicable cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Any cdisease cthat cspreads cfrom cone chost cto canother, cdirectly cor cindirectly. Contagious cdisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ccommunicable cDisease cthat cis cEASILY cspread cfrom cone cperson cto cthe cnext. Non-communicable cdisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Not cspread cfrom cone chost cto canother *the cmicrobes cexist coutside cthe cbody, cand conly cproduces cdisease cwhen cintroduced cinside c *TETANUS* Incidence cof ca cdisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Number cof cpeople cwho cDEVELOP cand ccontract cthis cdisease cwithin ca ccertain cperiod cof ctime. c *Diagnosed ccases cof cHIV cin c2009 calone Prevalence cof ca cdisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Number cof cpeople cEXISTING cWITH cthe cparticular cdisease cat ca cgiven ctime. c *Known ccases cof cHIV cat cthe cpoint cof cyear c2009 TAKES cINTO cACCOUNT cOLD cAND cNEW cCASES cFROM cYEARS cBEFORE Sporadic cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Occurs conly cOCCASIONALLY c *Typhoid cfever cwithin cthe cUS Endemic cdisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A cdisease cthat cis cconstantly cpresent cin ca cpopulation *Common ccold Epidemic cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.If cmany cpeople cin ca cCERTAIN cAREA cacquire ca ccertain cdisease cin ca crelatively cSHORT cPERIOD cof ctime. c *Influenza, cAIDS Pandemic cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.An cepidemic cdisease cthat coccurs cworldwide c *A cworldwide cInfluenza, cand cAIDS Acute cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A cdisease cthat cdevelops crapidly cbut conly clast cfor ca cshort cperiod cof ctime *influenza Chronic cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Develops cslowly, cand cthe cbody's creactions cmight cbe cless csevere, cbut cthe cdisease cis clikely cto ccontinue cto crecur cfor clong cperiods cof ctime. Subacute cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Symptoms cbetween cacute cand cchronic cdiseases c- cin cthe cmiddle *Infection cand cbronchitis. Latent cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Causative cagents care cinactive cfor clong cperiods cof ctime, cthen cbecomes cactive cto cproduce csymptoms *any clatent cviruses cof cthe cHerpesvirus cfamily. cSuch cas cshingles cor cchicken cpox cthat clay con cthe cnerve ccells. Herd cImmunity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.When cmany cimmune cpeople care cpresent cin ca ccommunity c When cthe cnumber cof cpeople cvaccinated cgoes cUP, The cchance cof cthe crisk cto cencounter cthe cdisease cgoes cDOWN. Local cinfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Invading cpathogens care climited cto ca csmall carea cof cthe cbody. *Boils cand cabsecesses Systematic c(generalized) cinfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Spread cTHROUGHOUT cthe cbody cbu cblood cor clymph *measles Focal cInfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Systematic cinfection cthat cBEGAN cas ca clocal cinfection *Local cinfections ccan center cblood cor clymphatic cvessels cand ccan cspread cto cother cspecific cparts cof cthe cbody *can carise cin careas csuch cas cteeth, ctonsils, cor csinuses Sepsis c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Toxic cinflammatory ccondition carising cfrom cthe cspread cof cmicrobes cfrom ca cfocus cof cinfection Septicemia c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Blood cpoisoning *multiplication cof cpathogens cwithin cthe cblood Bacteremia c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Bacteria cin cthe cblood Toxemia c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Presence cof ctoxins cwithin cthe cblood Viremia c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Presence cof cvirus cin cthe cblood Primary cInfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Acute cinfection cthat ccauses can cinitial cillness Secondary cInfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Caused cby copportunistic cpathogen cafter cimmune csystem cweakened cby cprimary cinfection. c Pneumonia cis ca cconsequence cof cAIDS, cand cis ca csecondary cinfection. Predisposing cFactors c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Makes cthe cbody cmore csuspectible cto cdiease cand cmay calter cthe ccourse cof cdisease. c *gender c(females chave chigher cincidence cof cUTIs c *genetic cbackground c( cinherited cgenes cfrom cparents clike csickle ccell canemia) *Lifestyle/Occupation *Climate/Weather Stress/Fatigue Subclinical cDisease c- c c c ccorrect canswer.An cinfection cthat cdoesn't ccause cany cnoticiable cillness Poliovirus cand chepatitis cA. cYou ccan ccarry cit cbut cyou cnever ccontract cit. Reservoirs cof cinfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Can cbe chuman, canimal, cor cnonliving carriers c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Those cwho ccarry cthe cpathogens cand ctransmit cthem cto cothers cwithout cexhibiting cany csign cof cillness Zoonoses c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Diseases cthat coccur cin cwild cand cdomestic canimals cand ccan cbe ctransmitted cto chumans *rabies *Lyme cdisease Noliving cReservoirs cof cInfection c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Soil c AND Water. c Bacteria cstrands ccan cbe cfound cwithin cthem cand ccontaminate cthem cand cthen cthey ccan cinfect chumans 3 cmeans cof cdisease ctransmission c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cContact c(by cmeans cof cdirect ccontact, cindirect ccontact, cor cdroplet ctransmission) 2) cVehicle c(Transmission cvia ca cmedium clike cfood, cwater cair, cblood, cbodily cfluids, cair) 3) cVectors c(animals cthat ccarry cpathogens cto chost) 3 ctypes cof cCONTACT ctransmission c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cDirect cContact c- cKissing ctouching chugging 2) cIndirect cContact-Fomite(something cnormal cinfected) 3) cDroplet ctransmission c- cmicrobes cspread cby ccoughing, csneezing, claughing, ctalking Pathogenicity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cability cto ccause cdisease cby covercoming cthe cdfense cof cthe chost Mechanical ctransmission c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Passive ctransport c (fly clanding con cburger) Virulence c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cextent coe cdegree cof cpathogenicity c AKA cDANGER Biological cTransport c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Active cprocess. Mosquito cbiting can cindividual, cgiving cmalaria. Portals cof cEntry c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cMucous cMembranes 2) cSkin 3) cDirect cdeposition cbeneith cthe cskin cor cmembranes c- c(the cparenteral croute) Epidemiology c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cstudy cof cwhen/where cdisease coccurs cand chow cdisease cis ctransmitted cin cpopulations **there cis calways can cepidemiologist cat ceach clarge chospital cto cprevent cnosocomial cdiseases cand ckeep cthem cunder ccontrol. Portal cof cEntry c- cMucos cMembrane c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Lining cof cGI Respiratory ctract Genitoruitary ctract, c Conjunctiva c(eyeball cand cthe clining cof cit) Most ccommon cway cis cGI cand cRespiratory ctract. Case cReporting c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Health ccare cworkers cmust creport cspecified cdisease cto clocal, cstate, cand cnational coffices c -by cdoing cthis, c(by claw) cthis cdocumentation craises cawareness cso cthe cnation ccan cprevent cepidemics cor ca cpandemic cfrom coccuring. c *examples: cAIDS, cmeasles, cgonorrhea ctetanus, ctyphoid cfever. c CAN cLEAD cTO cEDUCATION cABOUT cILLNESSES. ID(subscript)50 c- c c c ccorrect canswer.ID= cInfectious cDose Infectious cdose cfor c50% cof cpopulation ***How cmany cendospores cthat care cnecessary cto cinfect c50% cof cthe cpopulation. Nationally cNotifiable cDiseases c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Diseases cin cwhich cphysicians care crequired cby claw cto creport. LD(subscript)50 c- c c c ccorrect canswer.LD=Lethal cDose Lethal cDose c(OF cA cTOXIN) cfor c50% cof cpopulation. Morbidity cRate c- c c c ccorrect canswer.How cmany cpeople care caffected cby cdisease Adhesin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Also ccalled ca cligand cthat chelps cthe cpathogen cadhere cto cthe chost ccell cin corder cto cinvade cit *Located con cthe cpathogen. Mortality cRate c- c c c ccorrect canswer.How cmany cpeople chave cdied cresulting cfrom cthis cdisease M cProtein c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Surface cProtein cin cCell cwall ccomponent cof cbacteria cthat chelps cwith cbacterial cattachment cto can cepithelia ccell Resists cphagocytosis cof cWBC ***INcreases cVirulence cof cthe cbacteria Microbial cantagonism c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Competition cfor cnutrients ****When cnormal cmicrobiota ccan cprevent cpathogens cfrom ccausing can cinfection Mycolic cAcid c(Waxy cLipid) c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ccell cwall ccomponent cthat ccan cprevent cphagocytosis It ccan ceven cmultiply cwithin cthe cphagocyte Coagulases c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Form cblog cclots cwithin cthe cblood. c An cenzyme cthat ca cpathogen cuses cto cclot cthe cblood cto cprevent cphagocytosis c What ccauses cStaph cto cbe cso cdeadly cand cprevent cblood cfrom cflowing cto cparts cof cthe cbody Collagenase c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Enzyme cproduced cby cbacteria. c It cbreaks cdown cthe cprotein ccollagen cand cbreaks cdown cthe cconnectrive ctissue cof cmuscles cand cother cbody corgans cand ctissue. IgA cProteases c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Enzymes cthat cthe cbacterial ccell ccan cgive coff cto cDestroy cantibodies Antigenic cVariation c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Antigens cline cthe couside cof ca cbacterial ccell cfor cthe cattachment cto cthe chost ccell. c The cbody cmakes cantibodies cto cattach cto cthese cantigens cto cdestroy cthem cand cprevent ctheir cwrongdoing However, cwhen cpathogens calter ctheir csurface cantigens, cmaking cthe cantibody cthat cthe cbody cmade cunusable. c THIS cSNEAKY cSNAKE cMOVE cIS cANTIGENIC cVARIATION. c By cthe ctime cthe cimmune cresponse creaches ca cpathogen, cthe cpathogen chas calready calters cits cantigens cand cis cunaffected cby cantibodies. c ***The cflu cdoes cthis Siderophores c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The ciron csealing cprotein cthat cbacteria cuse cto cattach cto cthe ciron ctigher cthan cthe ciron cwithin cthe chost ccell's Toxic c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Substance cthat ccontributes cto cpathogenicity c- ccreates cdisease *Poisonous csubstatnces cthat care cproduced cby ccertain cmicroorganisms ---They care ctransported cthrough cthe cbody cby cblood, cor clympth. c CAUSE *Fever *Cardiovascular cdisturbances *diarrhea *Shock Toxigenicity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Ability cto cproduce ca ctoxin Toxemia c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Presence cof ctoxic cin cthe chost's cblood Antitoxins c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Antibodies cmade cwithin cthe chost ccell c(humans) cthat ccan cresist cthe cpresence cof cexotoxin c(the cproteins cthat care cexpelled cfrom cthe cgram cpositive ccell) Toxoid c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ctype cof cinactive ctoxin c(that cis cchanged cby cheat, cor cother cchemicals) cthat ca cperson ccan ctake cthat cwill cup ctheir cproduction cof cantitoxins cwithin cthe cbody) *Ex. care cthe cDiptherioa cand ctetanus cshots cthat ccan cbe cused cto cavoid ctoxicity cin cthe cbody. Exotoxins c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Causes cdamage cto ccell chost A ctype cof cprotein cmade cinside cof cthe cpathogen. These cexotoxins care cthen csecreted cinto cthe csurrounding cmetium, cand cthen cthe ccell cdies. =Toxins cmade cwithin cthe ccell cand cEXO cthe ccell, cleading cto cits cdeath First cway cthat cbacteria ccells cmake ctoxins cfor cthe cspreading cof cdisease. c GRAM cPOSITIVE Endotoxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Causes cdamage cto chost ccell The cLIPID cportions cof cthe couter cmembrane cof ccell cwall. c The cexotoxins care cliberated cwhen cthe cbacteria ccell cdie cand cthe ccell cwalls cbreak capart This cis cthe csecond cway cthat ctoxins care cproduced cfrom cbacteria ccells GRAM cNEGATIVE Membrane cDisrupting ctoxins c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ctype cof ctoxin creleased cfrom cthe cpathogen cthat ccauses clysis cof cthe ccell cby: 1) cforcing cthe cformation cof cprotein cchannels cin cthe cplasma cmembrane, 2)DIsrupting cthe cphospholipid cbilayer cof cthe chost ccell. Superantigens c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Causes can cintense cimmune cresponse cdue cto crelease cof ccytokines cfrom chost ccell. c Such cas: -Fever -Nausea -Vomiting -Shock -Diarrhea -Shock -Death An cintense cresponse ccould cbe cthat cof cToxic cshock csyndrome cor cfood cpoisoning. Endotoxins c- c c c ccorrect canswer.When ca cbacterial ccell cdies c(from cthe cpresence cof cantibiotics) cthe ccell cmembrane c(since cit cis cGRAM cNEGATIVE, cTHE cOUTTER cPORTION cAROUND cTHE cPEPTOGLYCIAN) cis cdestroyed, cand csends cout ctoxins cduring cits cdeath. c These ctoxins care csourced cfrom cthe cLIPID cportion cof cthe cmembrane. c Causes csymptoms cof ca csickness cto cget cworse, cbut cthey cwill csoon cget cbetter cafter cthe ctoxins care celiminated. c They ccan cinduce ca cmiscarriage. Exotoxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Source c- cGram c+ Relation cto cmicrobe c- cby cproducts cof cgrowing ccell Chemistry c- cProtein cmolecule c Fever? cNo Neutralized cby cantitoxin? cYes LD(subscript) c50- cSmall camounts cto cmake creaction Endotoxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Source: cGram c- Relation cto cMicrobe c- cOuter cmembrane Chemistry c- cLipid cA Fever? cYes Neutralized cby cAntitoxin? cNo c(causes cblood cclotting) LD(subscript) c50? cRelatively clarge, cnot cas cpotent Cytopathic cEffects c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Visible ceffects cof cviral cinfection c(the cvisible ceffects care cwithin cthe ccell) 1) cStops cmitosis 2)Inclusion cbodies Inclusion cbodies c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Granules cfound cin ccytoplasm cor cnucleus cof csome cinfected ccells. These cgranuels cmake cup cthe cassembled cparts cof ca cviron Cytocidal cEffects c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Kills chost ccell Non-Cytocidal cEffects c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Doesn't ckill cthe chost ccell, cbut cdoes cgreatly cdamage cit "Cyto" c= cCell "Cidal" c= cKill Ergot cToxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Comes cfrom ca cFungi Creates challucinations cand caffects cblow ccirculation similar cto cLSD Aflatoxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Toxin cof ca cFungi cthat cgrows con cplants Found con cpeanut cplants Can cbe cfound cin cpeanut cbutter IS cCARCINOGENIC Dingoflagellates c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ctype cof calgae cthat cis cRED cand cis cwhat cshellfish ceat. Whenever cwe ceat cshellfish, cwe ccan cbecome csick cfrom cit cbecause cit cate cthe cdingoflagellates cthat cwe cget csick cfrom. c This cdomino ceffect cproduces cSAXITOXIN. Saxitoxin c- c c c ccorrect canswer.A ctype cof cnerurotoxin cthat clead cto cpeople cgetting cvery csick cfrom ceating cshellfish cthat chave cinjested cdingoflagellates Immunity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.The cability cto cward coff cdisease ccaused cby cmicrobes cand cto cprotect cfrom cenvironmental cagents csuch cas cpollen, cdrugs, cfoods, cchemicals, cand canimal cdander Also ccalled cresistance Susceptibility c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Vulnerability cor clack cof cimmunity Three clines cof cdefense c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1)Skin cand cmucous cmembranes 2)Defensive ccells, cinflammation, cfever, cand cantimicrobial csubstances c(WBC) 3)Specalized clymphocytes clike cT cand cB ccells cand cantibodies Innate cimmunity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Defenses cagainst cANY cpathogen *Present cat cbirth *Will calways chave cour cwhole clives Involves cboth cFIRST c(prevent centry) cand cSECOND c(eliminate cpathogens) cline cof cdefense Adaptive cImmunity c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Immunity/Resistance cto ca cCERTAIN cpathogen *Uses cthe cTHIRD cline cof cdefense Lacrimal capparatus cof cMucus cMembrane c- c c c ccorrect canswer.First cline cof cdefense, cas ca cmucus cmembrane Washes cthe ceye c(lacrimal cis cthe ctear ccomponent cof ceye) *washes ceye cto cwash cmicrobes cfrom csettling con cyour ceye Mucus cof cMucus cMembrane c- c c c ccorrect canswer.First cline cof cdefense Trapes cmicrobes cin cthe crespritory cand cGI ctract cby cthe cgobulet ccells cthat csecrete cand cthe cpathogens cthat cit ccatches cby cits csticky csubstance Hairs cof cMucus cMembranes c- c c c ccorrect canswer.First cline cof cdefence Hairs cin cear cand cnose ctrap cmicrobes cand cpollen cand cpollutents Saliva cof cMucous cMembrane c- c c c ccorrect canswer.First cline cof cdefense c Washes coff cmicrobes cfrom cteeth cand cmouth Toxins cNOT cbroken cdown cby cgastric cjuices c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Clostridum Staph Formed cElements c- c c c ccorrect canswer.Part cof cthe cSecond cline cof cdefense: cBLOOD The cformed cparticles cwithin cthe cblood cthat's csusupended cin cthe cplasma. c 1)WBC c(leukocytes) 2)RBC c(Erythrocytes) 3)Platelets Granulated cWhite cBlood cCell c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1) cNeutrophils c- cFunction c- cPhagocytosis. c-They care cmobile, cso cthey ccan creach cthe csite cof cinfec. c c-They care cactive cin cthe cinitial csite cof cthe cinfection 2) cBasophiles c- cFunction c- cProduce chistamine c(Important cfor cinflammation cand callergic creactions) c 3) cEosinophils c- cFunction c- cKills c(mostly chelminths) cby cproducing ctoxic cproteins. c c-They ccannot cinjest cthe cbad cguy, cso cthey csurround cit cand ckill cit cwith cits ckilley cmolecules Agranulated cWhite cBlood cCells c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1)Monocytes c(Macrophages cwhen cmature) c- *Function cis cphagocytosis *swelling cof clymph cnodes cbecause cthe cmonocytes cleave cthe cblood cand center cthe ctissues. c 2) cDendritic cCells c- cHave clong cextentions cto cassist cin cphagocytosis 3)Natural cKiller cCells c- cDestroy ctarget ccells c(tumor ccells) Neutrophils c- c c c ccorrect canswer.WBC Phagocytes.a cMobile. cLeave cblood cto ctreat cinfection Basophiles c- c c c ccorrect canswer.WBC Produce cHistamine cfor callergic creaction cand cinflammation Eosinophails c- c c c ccorrect canswer.WBC Kills cparasites cby csurrounding cthe cparasite cand creleasing ctoxins cto ckill cit. Monocytes c- c c c ccorrect canswer.(Macrophages cwhen cmature) c-WBC *Function cis cphagocytosis *swelling cof clymph cnodes cbecause cthe cmonocytes cleave cthe cblood cand center cthe ctissues. Dendritic cCells c- c c c ccorrect canswer.WBC - cHave clong cextentions cto cassist cin cphagocytosis -Found cin cthe cepidermis cto cweed cout cthe cpathogens Natural cKiller cCells c- c c c ccorrect canswer.WBC -Found cin cblood cand cbone cmarrow - cDestroy ctarget ccells c(tumor ccells) Lymphocytes c- c c c ccorrect canswer.1. cNatural cKiller cCells