HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide
With Questions And Answers Graded A+
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types)
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types)
Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types)
Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are
longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?)
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact
with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation?
Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls?
Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin
An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response
(low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand
A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in
innate immune response
ICAM-1
An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one)
A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high
affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest
When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule
interactions and can enter the tissue
, Pus
Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead
bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview
Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune
cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors
History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis
A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also
acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics)
Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte
Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against?
Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them
Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State
Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral
double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self
from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells
Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin
With Questions And Answers Graded A+
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types)
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types)
Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types)
Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils?
Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are
longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?)
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact
with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation?
Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls?
Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin
An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response
(low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand
A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in
innate immune response
ICAM-1
An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate
immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one)
A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high
affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest
When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule
interactions and can enter the tissue
, Pus
Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead
bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview
Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune
cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors
History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis
A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also
acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics)
Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion
molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte
Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against?
Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them
Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State
Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral
double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self
from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells
Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin
