Table of Contents
Preface .....................................................................i
Acknowledgement ....................................................ii
Table of Contents ......................................................iii
Introduction ...............................................................v
1. Blood.....................................................................1
2. Blood Collection ....................................................42
3. Anticoagulants ......................................................61
4. Preparation of Blood Smears ...............................67
5. Staining of Blood Smears .....................................77
6. Hemocytometry ....................................................89
7. Differential Leucocyte Count.................................122
8. Reticulocyte Count................................................136
9. Hemoglobin...........................................................146
10. Packed Cell Volume ...........................................176
11. Red Cell Indices ..................................................188
12. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate .........................197
,13. Osmotic Fragility of the Red Cell ........................209
14. Bone marrow smear examination .......................215
15. Lupus Erythematosus Cell ..................................226
16. Red cell Morphology Study .................................232
17. Anemia ................................................................244
18. Hematological Malignancies ...............................311
19. Leucocyte cytochemistry ....................................339
20. Hemostasis .........................................................357
21. Body fluid analysis ..............................................434
22. Automation in Hematology ..................................466
Glossary ...................................................................477
References ...............................................................567
, INTRODUCTION
The word hematology comes from the Greek haima
(means blood) and logos (means discourse); therefore,
the study of hematology is the science, or study, of
blood. Hematology encompasses the study of blood
cells and coagulation. Included in its concerns are
analyses of the concentration, structure, and function of
cells in blood; their precursors in the bone marrow;
chemical constituents of plasma or serum intimately
linked with blood cell structure and function; and function
of platelets and proteins involved in blood coagulation.
The study of blood has a very long history. Mankind
probably has always been interested in the blood, since
primitive man realized that loss of blood, if sufficiently
great, was associated with death. And in Biblical
references, “to shed blood” was a term used in the
sense of “to kill”.
Before the days of microscopy only the gross
appearance of the blood could be studied. Clotted
, blood, when viewed in a glass vessel, was seen to form
distinct layers and these layers were perceived to
constitute the substance of the human body. Health and
disease were thought to be the result of proper mixture
or imbalance respectively of these layers.
Microscopic examination of the blood by Leeuwenhoek
and others in the seventeenth century and subsequent
improvements in their rudimentary apparatus provided
the means whereby theory and dogma would gradually
be replaced by scientific understanding.
Currently, with the advancement of technology in the
field, there are automated and molecular biological
techniques enable electronic manipulation of cells and
detection of genetic mutations underlying the altered
structure and function of cells and proteins that result in
hematologic disease.
Preface .....................................................................i
Acknowledgement ....................................................ii
Table of Contents ......................................................iii
Introduction ...............................................................v
1. Blood.....................................................................1
2. Blood Collection ....................................................42
3. Anticoagulants ......................................................61
4. Preparation of Blood Smears ...............................67
5. Staining of Blood Smears .....................................77
6. Hemocytometry ....................................................89
7. Differential Leucocyte Count.................................122
8. Reticulocyte Count................................................136
9. Hemoglobin...........................................................146
10. Packed Cell Volume ...........................................176
11. Red Cell Indices ..................................................188
12. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate .........................197
,13. Osmotic Fragility of the Red Cell ........................209
14. Bone marrow smear examination .......................215
15. Lupus Erythematosus Cell ..................................226
16. Red cell Morphology Study .................................232
17. Anemia ................................................................244
18. Hematological Malignancies ...............................311
19. Leucocyte cytochemistry ....................................339
20. Hemostasis .........................................................357
21. Body fluid analysis ..............................................434
22. Automation in Hematology ..................................466
Glossary ...................................................................477
References ...............................................................567
, INTRODUCTION
The word hematology comes from the Greek haima
(means blood) and logos (means discourse); therefore,
the study of hematology is the science, or study, of
blood. Hematology encompasses the study of blood
cells and coagulation. Included in its concerns are
analyses of the concentration, structure, and function of
cells in blood; their precursors in the bone marrow;
chemical constituents of plasma or serum intimately
linked with blood cell structure and function; and function
of platelets and proteins involved in blood coagulation.
The study of blood has a very long history. Mankind
probably has always been interested in the blood, since
primitive man realized that loss of blood, if sufficiently
great, was associated with death. And in Biblical
references, “to shed blood” was a term used in the
sense of “to kill”.
Before the days of microscopy only the gross
appearance of the blood could be studied. Clotted
, blood, when viewed in a glass vessel, was seen to form
distinct layers and these layers were perceived to
constitute the substance of the human body. Health and
disease were thought to be the result of proper mixture
or imbalance respectively of these layers.
Microscopic examination of the blood by Leeuwenhoek
and others in the seventeenth century and subsequent
improvements in their rudimentary apparatus provided
the means whereby theory and dogma would gradually
be replaced by scientific understanding.
Currently, with the advancement of technology in the
field, there are automated and molecular biological
techniques enable electronic manipulation of cells and
detection of genetic mutations underlying the altered
structure and function of cells and proteins that result in
hematologic disease.
