IGCSE History 0470 key info
Treaty of Versailles terms for Germany (4) - correct answer-BRAT:
- accept Blame for starting the war (War-guilt clause 231)
- £6600 million Reparations for damage caused
- Army limited to 100,000 men ; navy could only have 6 battleships; forbidden to have
submarines or air force; not allowed any troops in the Rhineland
- lost Territory & overseas empire. Colonies given to Britain & France (mandates of the LoN)
German criticism of ToV (5) - correct answer-- Non-representation/ negotiation
- War guilt & reparations
- Disarmament
- Territories
- 14 points & LoN
Impact of ToV on Germany (3) - correct answer-- Political violence (Kapp Putch '20 & Munich
Putsch '23)
- Conflict in the Ruhr (France & Belgium invade the Ruhr because reparation payments
stopped--> workers on strike)
- Hyperinflation
Other peace settlements 1919-23 (4) - correct answer-- Austria: Treaty of St Germain '19
- Bulgaria: Treaty of Neuilly '19
- Hungary: Treaty of Trianon '20
- Turkey: Treaty of Sevres '20 then Treaty of Lausanne '23
Aims of the League of Nations (ACDC)(4) - correct answer-- achieve international peace
- discourage Aggression
- encourage countries to Co-operate, especially in business and trade.
- encourage nations to Disarm.
- improve living and working Conditions of people in all nations
Structure of the League of Nations (4 levels) - correct answer-1. Assembly
2. Council
3. Permanent Court of International Justice; Committees (Health, Refugees, Mandates,
Slavery); International Labour Organisation
4. Secretariat
Weaknesses in League's organisation- structure & membership - correct answer-Structure:
- assembly: met only 1x a year; unanimous voting-> less unified decisions; veto used
selfishly; tasks merged with council (lack of organisation
- had no armed forces ('toothless tiger')
- PCJ useless since it couldn't enforce laws
- ILO successes limited because funded by donations
- Secretariat understaffed
Membership:
- Lack of USA membership
- Defeated nations not a part of League
- Nations simply left when they got into disputes (ie. Japan, Italy)
- USSR not invited to join (LoN lacked a world power)
- Dominated by Britain & France
Successes of the LoN, 1920s (4) - correct answer-- Aaland islands 1921 (Sweden x Finland)
,- Upper Silesia 1921 (Germany x Poland)
- Financial reconstruction of Austria ('22) & Hungary ('23)
- Bulgaria 1925 (Bulgaria x Greece)
Failures of the LoN, 1920s (2+1) - correct answer-- Vilna '20 (Poland x Lithuania)
- Corfu '23 (Albania x Greece --> Greece x Italy)
^ Resulted in the Geneva Protocol '24
International agreements of the 1920s (6) - correct answer-- Washington Conference 1921:
disarmament
- Rapallo treaty 1922: USSR & Germany diplomatic relations
- Dawes Plan 1924: USA lent money to Germany for reparations
- Locarno Treaties 1925: Germany accepts borders
- Kellog-Briand pact 1928: 65 nations agreed not to use force
- Young Plan 1929: reduced Germany's reparations
How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult? - correct answer--
Worsened trade: nations placed tariffs on imports, causing trading partners to do the same
- Countries began rearmament to get industries up & provide jobs to unemployed
- Internationalist spirit replaced with nationalist 'beggar my neighbour' approach
- Wiped out post-war recovery
- Increased support for extremist parties (used violence & adopted aggressive policies)
- Countries i.e. USA & Britain unwilling to get involved in international disputes; priority on
their own economies
- Countries i.e. Japan & Italy decided to expand their empires in Manchurian Crisis 1931 &
Abyssinian Crisis 1935
- Hitler elected by Germans
LoN in the 1930s: Describe the Manchurian Crisis - correct answer-- 1931-33
- Japan invaded claiming that Chinese soldiers sabotaged their Mukden railway in
Manchuria
- Reasons for invasion:
- Resources & land for farming
- Japanese population growing rapidly
- Japan mostly mountainous--> not self-sufficient in agriculture
- Manchuria had coal & iron
- Combat the Depression
- Expand Japanese Empire
- Japanese military stronger than its govt; not controlled
- Militarism
- didn't gain land expected from ToV
- 1922 Washington conference made her seem weak
- China appealed to LoN. Response:
- Sent Lord Lytton as representative
- Judgement takes one year: Japan in the wrong
- 1933: Japan leaves the League & continues
LoN in the 1930s: why the League failed act over Manchuria + significance? - correct
answer-- Britain & France unwilling
- were facing the Depression; unwilling to commit money & resources to enforce the
League's laws
- financially & militarily unprepared: didn't want to send army to area across the world where
Japan was deep in & strong
, - China was far & didn't affect them; lack of centralised rule anyways
- Trading interests
- B & F wanted to continue trading with Japan; didn't want to harm relations
- saw Japan as potential ally against USSR
Significance
- Showed aggressors can simply leave the League if they didn't agree with the rules
- League will not act if it is not in their best interests, if a powerful aggressive nation acts
against a smaller/weaker nation, or in a distant part of the world
- League seemed weak & ineffective
- lack of speed with Lytton's report
LoN in the 1930s: Describe Disarmament Conference 1932-34 + why it failed - correct
answer-- Germany complained only she had to disarm
- League could not get members to agree to disarm
- Germany left the League (1932) & began to openly rearm
- League members i.e. Britain no longer tried to stop it
- as she tried with the Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935 (German navy under 35% of
British)
- other League members also began to rearm
Reasons for failure
- B & F divided on issue (France disagreed)
- No one was serious about disarmament
- Everyone self-interested & ignoring LoN
- Failure of LoN as an enforcer
LoN in the 1930s: Describe the Abyssinian Crisis + outcomes - correct answer-- Italy
invaded Abyssinia
- LoN members couldn't agree to effective sanctions against Italy
- B & F caught making a secret agreement giving 2/3 Abyssinia to Italy (Hoare-Laval Pact
'35)
- undermined League's authority
- League was seen as weak & powerless
- Should have closed Suez Canal & stopped oil to Italy
- B & F forces could have acted om behalf of League
- took too long to introduce sanctions
Outcomes
- Salessie exiled
- Cemented Mussolini's personal prestige
- Nov '36: Mussolini & Hitler sign Rome-Berlin Axis
League WAS DUMB - correct answer-W eak - no army, relied on collective security
A merica - no world power support
S tructure - unanimous decisions + veto paralysed the League
D epression - caused countries to try get more power (Japan & Italy) & less willing to use
resources establish LoN's laws
U nsuccessful - failures caused doubts--> LoN ignored
Treaty of Versailles terms for Germany (4) - correct answer-BRAT:
- accept Blame for starting the war (War-guilt clause 231)
- £6600 million Reparations for damage caused
- Army limited to 100,000 men ; navy could only have 6 battleships; forbidden to have
submarines or air force; not allowed any troops in the Rhineland
- lost Territory & overseas empire. Colonies given to Britain & France (mandates of the LoN)
German criticism of ToV (5) - correct answer-- Non-representation/ negotiation
- War guilt & reparations
- Disarmament
- Territories
- 14 points & LoN
Impact of ToV on Germany (3) - correct answer-- Political violence (Kapp Putch '20 & Munich
Putsch '23)
- Conflict in the Ruhr (France & Belgium invade the Ruhr because reparation payments
stopped--> workers on strike)
- Hyperinflation
Other peace settlements 1919-23 (4) - correct answer-- Austria: Treaty of St Germain '19
- Bulgaria: Treaty of Neuilly '19
- Hungary: Treaty of Trianon '20
- Turkey: Treaty of Sevres '20 then Treaty of Lausanne '23
Aims of the League of Nations (ACDC)(4) - correct answer-- achieve international peace
- discourage Aggression
- encourage countries to Co-operate, especially in business and trade.
- encourage nations to Disarm.
- improve living and working Conditions of people in all nations
Structure of the League of Nations (4 levels) - correct answer-1. Assembly
2. Council
3. Permanent Court of International Justice; Committees (Health, Refugees, Mandates,
Slavery); International Labour Organisation
4. Secretariat
Weaknesses in League's organisation- structure & membership - correct answer-Structure:
- assembly: met only 1x a year; unanimous voting-> less unified decisions; veto used
selfishly; tasks merged with council (lack of organisation
- had no armed forces ('toothless tiger')
- PCJ useless since it couldn't enforce laws
- ILO successes limited because funded by donations
- Secretariat understaffed
Membership:
- Lack of USA membership
- Defeated nations not a part of League
- Nations simply left when they got into disputes (ie. Japan, Italy)
- USSR not invited to join (LoN lacked a world power)
- Dominated by Britain & France
Successes of the LoN, 1920s (4) - correct answer-- Aaland islands 1921 (Sweden x Finland)
,- Upper Silesia 1921 (Germany x Poland)
- Financial reconstruction of Austria ('22) & Hungary ('23)
- Bulgaria 1925 (Bulgaria x Greece)
Failures of the LoN, 1920s (2+1) - correct answer-- Vilna '20 (Poland x Lithuania)
- Corfu '23 (Albania x Greece --> Greece x Italy)
^ Resulted in the Geneva Protocol '24
International agreements of the 1920s (6) - correct answer-- Washington Conference 1921:
disarmament
- Rapallo treaty 1922: USSR & Germany diplomatic relations
- Dawes Plan 1924: USA lent money to Germany for reparations
- Locarno Treaties 1925: Germany accepts borders
- Kellog-Briand pact 1928: 65 nations agreed not to use force
- Young Plan 1929: reduced Germany's reparations
How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult? - correct answer--
Worsened trade: nations placed tariffs on imports, causing trading partners to do the same
- Countries began rearmament to get industries up & provide jobs to unemployed
- Internationalist spirit replaced with nationalist 'beggar my neighbour' approach
- Wiped out post-war recovery
- Increased support for extremist parties (used violence & adopted aggressive policies)
- Countries i.e. USA & Britain unwilling to get involved in international disputes; priority on
their own economies
- Countries i.e. Japan & Italy decided to expand their empires in Manchurian Crisis 1931 &
Abyssinian Crisis 1935
- Hitler elected by Germans
LoN in the 1930s: Describe the Manchurian Crisis - correct answer-- 1931-33
- Japan invaded claiming that Chinese soldiers sabotaged their Mukden railway in
Manchuria
- Reasons for invasion:
- Resources & land for farming
- Japanese population growing rapidly
- Japan mostly mountainous--> not self-sufficient in agriculture
- Manchuria had coal & iron
- Combat the Depression
- Expand Japanese Empire
- Japanese military stronger than its govt; not controlled
- Militarism
- didn't gain land expected from ToV
- 1922 Washington conference made her seem weak
- China appealed to LoN. Response:
- Sent Lord Lytton as representative
- Judgement takes one year: Japan in the wrong
- 1933: Japan leaves the League & continues
LoN in the 1930s: why the League failed act over Manchuria + significance? - correct
answer-- Britain & France unwilling
- were facing the Depression; unwilling to commit money & resources to enforce the
League's laws
- financially & militarily unprepared: didn't want to send army to area across the world where
Japan was deep in & strong
, - China was far & didn't affect them; lack of centralised rule anyways
- Trading interests
- B & F wanted to continue trading with Japan; didn't want to harm relations
- saw Japan as potential ally against USSR
Significance
- Showed aggressors can simply leave the League if they didn't agree with the rules
- League will not act if it is not in their best interests, if a powerful aggressive nation acts
against a smaller/weaker nation, or in a distant part of the world
- League seemed weak & ineffective
- lack of speed with Lytton's report
LoN in the 1930s: Describe Disarmament Conference 1932-34 + why it failed - correct
answer-- Germany complained only she had to disarm
- League could not get members to agree to disarm
- Germany left the League (1932) & began to openly rearm
- League members i.e. Britain no longer tried to stop it
- as she tried with the Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935 (German navy under 35% of
British)
- other League members also began to rearm
Reasons for failure
- B & F divided on issue (France disagreed)
- No one was serious about disarmament
- Everyone self-interested & ignoring LoN
- Failure of LoN as an enforcer
LoN in the 1930s: Describe the Abyssinian Crisis + outcomes - correct answer-- Italy
invaded Abyssinia
- LoN members couldn't agree to effective sanctions against Italy
- B & F caught making a secret agreement giving 2/3 Abyssinia to Italy (Hoare-Laval Pact
'35)
- undermined League's authority
- League was seen as weak & powerless
- Should have closed Suez Canal & stopped oil to Italy
- B & F forces could have acted om behalf of League
- took too long to introduce sanctions
Outcomes
- Salessie exiled
- Cemented Mussolini's personal prestige
- Nov '36: Mussolini & Hitler sign Rome-Berlin Axis
League WAS DUMB - correct answer-W eak - no army, relied on collective security
A merica - no world power support
S tructure - unanimous decisions + veto paralysed the League
D epression - caused countries to try get more power (Japan & Italy) & less willing to use
resources establish LoN's laws
U nsuccessful - failures caused doubts--> LoN ignored
