WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides Questions And Answers Well Illustrated.

WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides Questions And Answers Well Illustrated. What ois othe oprimary odeterminant oof ooncotic opressure? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Albumin Form oof oosmotic opressure oexerted oby oproteins o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Oncotic oPressure What ois othe odifference obetween oadult oand ochild oimmunity? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Naive oT oCells Fluid oand oelectrolyte olevels oare oregulated oby o_________________, owhich oregulates oactions osuch oas othirst, oADH, othe okidneys, oand oRAAS. o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Osmoreceptors What oare othe ocauses oof odehydration? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.#Excessive oloss #Inadequate ointake #Both What os/sx oare oassociated owith odehydration? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.#Dry omucous omembranes #Decreased oskin oturgor #Decreased ourine ooutput #Low oblood opressure #Tachycardia #Weak oheart orate #Confusion A opatient owith oa oviral oillness oand osevere ovomiting ohas oan oelevated oCO2 olevel oand opH oof o7.53. oShe ois obreathing oslowly. oWhat ocondition odoes oshe ohave? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Metabolic oalkalosis The opatient's opH oand oCO2 olevels oare oboth oelevated o(moving oin othe osame odirection). oThis oindicates ometabolic oalkalosis. oThe oCO2 olevel ois ohigh obecause oher orespiratory osystem ois oattempting oto ocompensate ofor othe ohigh opH oby oexhaling oless oand oretaining omore oCO2. Normal oCO2 olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.35-45 Normal opH olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.7.35-7.45 Normal oHCO3 olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.22-26 Michael's opulmonary oedema oleads oto orespiratory oacidosis. oHow odoes opH oimpact oMichael's obasal ometabolic opanel? oChoose o3 oanswers. His oCO2 olevel ois oincreased obecause ohis olungs ohave odifficulty oremoving oit ofrom othe obloodstream. His ocalcium olevel ois oreduced obecause othe oelevated oconcentration oof oH+ omakes oit oeasier ofor oCa+ oto obind oto oalbumin. His oCO2 olevel ois odecreased obecause ohis olungs ohave odifficulty oadding oit ointo othe obloodstream. His osodium olevel ois odecreased odue oto ohypervolemia. His oK+ ois oelevated obecause, oas oH+ omoves oinside oof ocells oin oan oattempt oto oget oit oout oof othe obloodstream, oK+ omoves ofrom ocells ointo othe obloodstream. o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.His oCO2 olevel ois oincreased obecause ohis olungs ohave odifficulty oremoving oit ofrom othe obloodstream. His osodium olevel ois odecreased odue oto ohypervolemia. His oK+ ois oelevated obecause, oas oH+ omoves oinside oof ocells oin oan oattempt oto oget oit oout oof othe obloodstream, oK+ omoves ofrom ocells ointo othe obloodstream. A ohormone opanel owas odone oon oa opatient owith ocongestive oheart ofailure oand ofluid ovolume ooverload. oWhich oelevated ohormone oon othe opatient's ochart ois oindicative oof othe obody's oattempt oto oreduce othe ofluid ooverload? Antidiuretic ohormone o(ADH) Brain onatriuretic opeptide o(BNP) Aldosterone Renin o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.BNP BNP ois oreleased owhen ofluid ovolume oexcess ois opresent. Normal osodium olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.135-145 Hyponatremia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Na o o135 Loss oof oenergy oor ofatigue Nausea oand ovomiting Headache Confusion Muscle ospasms Low oblood opressure Dark oscanty ourine Irritability, odisorientation oand oneurological omanifestations Seizures Hypernatremia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Na o o145 Excessive othirst Extreme ofatigue Confusion Muscle otwitching oor ospasms Restlessness Seizures Normal opotassium olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.3.5-5.0 Hypokalemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.K o o3.5 #Muscle ofatigue/cramping #Nausea, ovomiting, oconstipation #Cardiac odysrhythmias #Paresthesia o(numbness/tingling) Hyperkalemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.K o o5.0 Muscle oweakness/paralysis Paresthesia o(numbness/tingling) Cardiac odysrhythmias Cardiac oarrest/MI Normal ocalcium olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.8.5-10.5 Hypocalcemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Calcium o o8.5 Overexcitability oof othe omuscles Muscle otwitching Paresthesia o(numbness/tingling) Chvostek oand oTrousseau osign o(twitching oon othe ocheek owhen otouched) Cardiac odysrhythmias Hypercalcemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Calcium o o10.5 Muscle oweakness Loss oof omuscle otone Spontaneous ofractures Kidney ostones Cardiac odysrhythmias Normal omagnesium olevel o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.1.6-2.6 Hypomagnesemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Magnesium olevel o o1.6 Tremors Hyperreflexia Insomnia Muscle ocramps Irregular oheart obeat Hypermagnesemia ois oindicated oby owhat olab oresult? oS/Sx? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Magnesium olevel o o2.6 Hyporeflexia Lethargy Respiratory odepression N/V Slow/Irregular oheart obeat Tay-Sachs oDisease o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.An oautosomal orecessive oinherited ogenetic odisorder ocaused oby oa orecessive oallele o(chromosome o15) othat oleads oto othe oaccumulation oof ocertain olipids oin othe obrain. oSeizures, oblindness, oand odegeneration oof omotor oand omental operformance ousually obecome omanifest oa ofew omonths oafter obirth, ofollowed oby odeath owithin oa ofew oyears. Marfan oSyndrome o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Inherited oautosomal odominant otrait o(only oone oabnormal ocopy oof othe oMarfan ogene oinherited ofrom oone oparent) oFBN1 ogene. oGenetic oconnective otissue odisorder othat ocan oaffect oaorta oand oheart ovalve ostructures. **If oone oparent ohas oMarfan osyndrome, oeach ochild ohas oa o50% ochance oof oinheriting othe oabnormal ogene oand odeveloping othe ocondition. oIf oboth oparents ohave othe ocondition, othe orisk oof otheir ochild oinheriting othe oabnormal ogene oand odeveloping oMarfan osyndrome oincreases oto o75%. Turner oSyndrome o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.A ochromosomal odisorder oin ofemales oin owhich oeither oan oX ochromosome ois omissing, omaking othe operson oXO oinstead oof oXX, oor opart oof oone oX ochromosome ois odeleted. Underdeveloped oovaries o(sterile) Short ostature o(under o4' o7") Amenorrhea Webbing oof othe oneck Edema Underdeveloped obreasts/wide onipples Respiratory orate oincreases oduring oexercise. oHow odoes othis oincreased orespiratory orate oallow othe obody oto omaintain oa ohomeostatic opH olevel? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.The oincreased oexhalation oof oCO2 ohelps oto oincrease opH. (The oincreased orespiratory orate oallows omore oCO2 oto obe oexhaled. oSince oCO2 oreacts owith owater oto oform ocarbonic oacid, ogetting orid oof omore oCO2 othrough oincreased orespiration owill oraise opH) An oICU opatient's oarterial oblood ogas oresults oshow olow opH oand olow oCO2 olevels. oThe opatient's orespiratory orate ois oincreased. oWhat ois othe oname oof othis ocondition? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Metabolic oacidosis (Since othe opH ois olow, oand othe opH oand oCO2 oare otrending oin othe osame odirection, othe ocondition ois ometabolic oacidosis. oThe olow oCO2 oindicates othat oCO2 ois onot ocausing othe oacidosis. oThe oincreased orespiratory orate olowers oblood oCO2 oin oan oattempt oto ocompensate ofor othe ometabolic oacidosis.) Your opatient ohas opulmonary oedema, owhich oraises olevels oof oCO2 oin othe oblood. oWhat ohelps othe opatient's obody oto ocompensate ofor othis oincrease? The okidneys oconserve oH+ oand oconserve oHCO3- The okidneys oexcrete omore oH+ oand oconserve oHCO3- The okidneys oconserve oH+ oand oexcrete omore oHCO3- The okidneys oexcrete omore oH+ oand oexcrete omore oHCO3- o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.The okidneys oexcrete omore oH+ oand oconserve oHCO3- (The oincreased oCO2 olevel owill ogenerate omore ocarbonic oacid. oThe obody omust ocompensate ofor othe odecreased opH. oExcreting omore oH+ oand oconserving oHCO3- owill oboth ohelp oto oincrease opH.) Heberden oand oBouchard's onodes oare oindicative oof owhat odisease oprocess? o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Osteoarthritis You oreceive oa opatient owho ohas oexperienced oa oburn oon othe oright oleg. oThe oburn ohas osmall oblisters, ois omarkedly opinkish ored, oand ohas oa oshiny oand omoist oappearance. oWhen othe opatient ois oasked oabout opain olevel, othe opatient odescribes oit oas osevere. What olevel oof oburn odoes othis opatient opresent? Superficial othickness o/ oPartial oor ointermediate othickness o/ oFull oThickness o/ oFourth oDegree o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Second oDegree o(partial othickness) Second odegree: oPartial othickness oburns ocan obe oeither osuperficial opartial othickness oor odeep opartial othickness, odepending oon othe odegree oof otissue onecrosis oof othe odermal olayer. oThese oburns ocan ochar othe oepidermis oand opapillary odermal olayer, owith oresultant oedema oand oformation oof oepidermal oblisters. oBurned oskin ois owet, oraw, oand opink oor ocherry ored oin ocolor othat oblanches owith opressure. Identify odegrees oof oburn, oand oother os/s oto othat odegree oburn o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.First-degree o(Superficial) oburns oaffect oonly othe oouter olayer oof othe oskin. oThey ocause opain, oredness, oand oswelling o(no oblistering/scarring). Second-degree o(Partial oor ointermediate othickness) oburns oaffect oboth othe oouter oand ounderlying olayer oof oskin. oThey ocause opain, oredness, oswelling, oand oblistering. oPink/Cherry oin ocolor othat oblanches. Third-degree o(Full othickness) oburns oaffect othe odeep olayers oof oskin. oHigh orisk oof oinfection. Fourth-degree oburns oinvolve omuscle oor obone. A o56-year-old ofemale opresents owith osuperficial opartial-thickness oburns oto othe oanterior ohead oand oneck, ofront oand oback oof othe oleft oarm, ofront oof othe oright oarm, oposterior otrunk, ofront oand oback oof othe oright oleg, oand oback oof othe oleft oleg. Calculate othe ototal obody osurface oarea opercentage othat ois oburned ousing othe oRule oof oNines. o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.63% The oRule oof oNines ois oa orapid omethod oused oduring othe oprehospital oand oemergent ophase oof ocare. oThe obody ois odivided ointo oregions othat opresent o9%, oor omultiples oof o9, owith othe oexception oof othe operineum, owhich ois o1% oof oBSA o(body osurface oarea). oThe oface oand oback oof othe ohead oare o4.5% oeach, oso othe oentire ohead ois o9%, othe oanterior oand oposterior oportion oof othe oarm ois o9%, oand othe ototal ofor oeach oleg ois o18%. oAnterior ohead oand oneck o(4.5%), ofront oand oback oof othe oleft oarm o(9%), ofront oof othe oright oarm o(4.5%), oposterior otrunk o(18%), ofront oand oback oof othe oright oleg o(18%), oback oof othe oleft oleg o(9%) owhich oequals o63%. An oadolescent omale opatient ois obrought oto othe oemergency odepartment oafter ospending oa olong oday oat othe obeach. oThe opatient's ohead, oneck, oand otrunk ofrom othe owaist oupwards oand olegs ofrom othe oknees odownward oare obright ored oand oedematous. oThe opatient ois ocrying oand oreports o8 oout oof o10 oon othe opain oscale oand oan oinability oto ofind oa ocomfortable oposition. What ois othe omost olikely oclassification oof othis oburn? Superficial oThickness o/ oPartial oor oIntermediate oThickness o/ oFull oThickness o/ oFourth oDegree o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Superficial o/ oFirst oDegree oBurn Superficial oburns oare oreddened oand opainful. Burn othat orequires osurgery, oforms omore oscars oand oare oless opainful? Superficial othickness o/ oPartial oor oIntermediate oThickness o/ oFull oThickness o/ o4th oDegree o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Deep opartial othickness o/ oSecond oDegree oBurn -Blisters/weeps -Risk oof oinfection/scarring oincrease owith odepth oof oburn Describe oan ointracranial obleed oin othe oepidural ospace o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Typically ocaused oby oa ohead oinjury oand ousually owith oa oskull ofracture. o Occurs obetween othe oskull obone oand othe ooutmost omembrane olayer, othe odura omater. o High opressure obleeding ois oa oprominent ofeature. You omay obriefly olose oconsciousness. Describe oan ointracranial obleed oin othe osubdural ospace o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Collection oof oblood oon othe osurface oof oyour obrain. o Typically ocaused oby oyour ohead omoving orapidly oforward oand ostopping, osuch oas oa ocar oaccident oor oshaken obaby osyndrome. More ocommon oin oolder opeople oand opeople owith oa ohistory oof oheavy oalcohol ouse. Describe oan ointracranial obleed oin othe osubarachnoid ospace o- o o o ocorrect oanswer.Occurs obetween othe obrain oand othe othin otissues othat ocover othe obrain. o The omost ocommon ocause ois otrauma obut oit ocan oalso obe od/t othe orupture oof oa omajor oblood ovessel oin othe obrain o(intracerebral oaneurysm). A osudden, osharp oheadache ousually ocomes obefore oa osubarachnoid