Module 7: Gastrointestinal System Making proteins & cellular components
- Making proteins & lipids = making bonds
1: GI System – Protein + Lipid Absorption - Making bonds energy needed (ATP)
& Metabolism - Need a substrate – come from diet (processed
in the GI system)
Case study
Jed (12) Usually healthy GI Tract Anatomy
- Lethargic 1a) Examine the structure of the GI system
- Breathing quick 1b) Describe the roles of the major organs
- Vomiting - Mouth
- Thirsty and drinking lots - Stomach
- Lost weight (days) – but healthy appetite - Small & large intestine
- Frequent toileting at night, but regular bowel - Liver
movements - Pancreas
- Odd, sweet smell to breath
- Cooperative and alert
- Good diet
New onset diabetes mellitus suspected
- Urine dipstick +++ glucose, ++ ketone
- Everything else is normal
From BM1011
- Should be no glucose in urine
- Kidneys regulate sodium in body, excrete urea
and regulate urine output – according to
PLASMA osmolality.
So…How does the body digest & absorb nutrients
& regulate metabolism?
GI System
1. GI tract anatomy, food movement through
the tract, regulation of intake.
Introduction
GI tract for absorption of nutrients
Focus
Digestion
Absorption
Processing of macronutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
The role of carbohydrates & lipids in energy
metabolism.
Key organ – liver
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ↓ ↑ ∴ ≈ 💡Mnemonic
, Bile: emulsifies fat makes it more soluble.
Parotid gland Green enzyme. Acts like detergent.
- Secretes ≈ 2L saliva/day
- Saliva: digestion & movement Pancreas
- Food and fluid mix liquidises - Releasing lots of enzymes (particularly help
breakdown protein)
Oesophagus
- Can expand & contract to allow food to Large intestine (1m long, less narrow)
Food and Intake Regulation – GI Tract
2. How is food intake regulated and passed
through the GI tract.
Movement of Nutrients
Blood supplies ECF around all cells with nutrients
Blood pumped to all organs by CVS
- GI tract puts nutrients into blood for cells
through & help push it
Stomach
- Storage sack
- 500-1kg food
- Releases slowly into intestine to ensure
efficient absorption & digestion
- Integral to endocrine feedback system –
sends feedback about how much food is left
in stomach.
- Further liquidises food, but not fat as it is
polar.
Small intestine
- Small in diameter (10-15m long, but
narrower) Processes involved in Nutrient movement
- Main site of absorption. Swallowing (deglutition)
- Voluntary
Liver 1. Move food (bolus) to back of mouth
- Outflow into small intestine 2. Relax throat
- Liver stores bile 3. Close epiglottis
- Helps remove some waste from blood stream
Gall bladder
- Stores bile
- As food goes through body, small intestine is
squeezes bile out of gall bladder.
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ↓ ↑ ∴ ≈ 💡Mnemonic
- Making proteins & lipids = making bonds
1: GI System – Protein + Lipid Absorption - Making bonds energy needed (ATP)
& Metabolism - Need a substrate – come from diet (processed
in the GI system)
Case study
Jed (12) Usually healthy GI Tract Anatomy
- Lethargic 1a) Examine the structure of the GI system
- Breathing quick 1b) Describe the roles of the major organs
- Vomiting - Mouth
- Thirsty and drinking lots - Stomach
- Lost weight (days) – but healthy appetite - Small & large intestine
- Frequent toileting at night, but regular bowel - Liver
movements - Pancreas
- Odd, sweet smell to breath
- Cooperative and alert
- Good diet
New onset diabetes mellitus suspected
- Urine dipstick +++ glucose, ++ ketone
- Everything else is normal
From BM1011
- Should be no glucose in urine
- Kidneys regulate sodium in body, excrete urea
and regulate urine output – according to
PLASMA osmolality.
So…How does the body digest & absorb nutrients
& regulate metabolism?
GI System
1. GI tract anatomy, food movement through
the tract, regulation of intake.
Introduction
GI tract for absorption of nutrients
Focus
Digestion
Absorption
Processing of macronutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
The role of carbohydrates & lipids in energy
metabolism.
Key organ – liver
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ↓ ↑ ∴ ≈ 💡Mnemonic
, Bile: emulsifies fat makes it more soluble.
Parotid gland Green enzyme. Acts like detergent.
- Secretes ≈ 2L saliva/day
- Saliva: digestion & movement Pancreas
- Food and fluid mix liquidises - Releasing lots of enzymes (particularly help
breakdown protein)
Oesophagus
- Can expand & contract to allow food to Large intestine (1m long, less narrow)
Food and Intake Regulation – GI Tract
2. How is food intake regulated and passed
through the GI tract.
Movement of Nutrients
Blood supplies ECF around all cells with nutrients
Blood pumped to all organs by CVS
- GI tract puts nutrients into blood for cells
through & help push it
Stomach
- Storage sack
- 500-1kg food
- Releases slowly into intestine to ensure
efficient absorption & digestion
- Integral to endocrine feedback system –
sends feedback about how much food is left
in stomach.
- Further liquidises food, but not fat as it is
polar.
Small intestine
- Small in diameter (10-15m long, but
narrower) Processes involved in Nutrient movement
- Main site of absorption. Swallowing (deglutition)
- Voluntary
Liver 1. Move food (bolus) to back of mouth
- Outflow into small intestine 2. Relax throat
- Liver stores bile 3. Close epiglottis
- Helps remove some waste from blood stream
Gall bladder
- Stores bile
- As food goes through body, small intestine is
squeezes bile out of gall bladder.
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ↓ ↑ ∴ ≈ 💡Mnemonic
