HD 3014 EXAM 1
methodology - correct answer-refers to the samples, measurements, comparisons, statistics,
and other procedures that produce research evidence
~Good research evidence comes from well made research (good and sound methodology)
performance measurement - correct answer-The process in which an organization collects
information to measure and report on how well it is doing, usually with the goal of managing
to improve its performance
AKA. Measure and manage
evaluation research - correct answer-research that describes or identifies the impact of
social policies and programs, demonstrating effectiveness to sponsors and funding entities
evidence (based on research, policy, and practice) - correct answer-basing policy, programs,
and practice on knowledge of what works (causation)
WHAT IS RESEARCH? - correct answer--Primary research: original data collection or
analysis
-Various shapes and sizes
-Contains both strengths and weaknesses
-Uncertain and contingent
-Aims to GENERALIZE
-Can be quantitative, qualitative, or mix
generalizability - correct answer-the ability to apply research results to situations other than
exact one in which research was conducted
quantitative research - correct answer-research that collects and reports data primarily in
numerical form
qualitative research - correct answer-Research that considers qualities instead of quantities.
Descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas are often part of
qualitative studies
cross sectional data - correct answer-data representing a single point in time
EX. In 2018, what is average height for a woman and a man?
longitudinal data - correct answer-data gathered over time
~ask same information to same person multiple times over time
descriptive research - correct answer-answers "WHAT IS" questions
causal research - correct answer-answers "WHAT IF" questions
~synonym for applied research
, induction - correct answer-begins with observation and empirical evidence that then leads to
an explanation (small --> big)
EX. All the tigers observed in a particular region have yellow black stripes
All the tiger's native to this region have yellow black stripes.
deduction - correct answer-hypothesizes an explanation, then tests it with observation (big
--> small)
EX. All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Nuremberg Trials/Nuremberg Code - correct answer-first conscious effort by international
society that listed what we should do to protect humans during experiments
1. Voluntary consent
2. Anticipate scientific benefits
3. Benefits outweigh risks
4. Animal experiments first
5. Avoid suffering
6. No intentional death or disability
7. Protection from harm
8. Subject free to stop
9. Qualified investigators- should be well trained
10. Investigator will stop if harm occurs
Declaration of Helsinki (1964) - correct answer-~added onto the Nuremberg Code, NOT
replacement
~"Interest of science and society should NEVER take precedence over considerations
related to the wellbeing of the subject"
1. Informed consent- every single detailed disclosed honestly and transparently
2. Not a legally binding instrument under the international law
Tuskegee Syphilis Study - correct answer--400 African American men
-Researchers tested the men for latent syphilis and studied its natural course
-Recruited with promise of "special free treatment" for "bad blood"
-Actually, spinal taps without anesthesia, called "spinal shots"
-Enrolled without (voluntary, informed) consent
-Denied antibiotic therapy in the 1940s and 1950s (although safe and effective)
-Study halted in 1972: 28-100 men died from advanced syphilis
Guatemala syphilis experiments (1946-1947) - correct answer--Penicillin found to be
effective antibiotics
-US government 'tested on' Guatemalan healthy, prisoners
Milgram Experiment (1961) - correct answer--Obedience to Authority
-Original ad was a study for memory and learning
-Teacher, learner roles
-Electric shocks
methodology - correct answer-refers to the samples, measurements, comparisons, statistics,
and other procedures that produce research evidence
~Good research evidence comes from well made research (good and sound methodology)
performance measurement - correct answer-The process in which an organization collects
information to measure and report on how well it is doing, usually with the goal of managing
to improve its performance
AKA. Measure and manage
evaluation research - correct answer-research that describes or identifies the impact of
social policies and programs, demonstrating effectiveness to sponsors and funding entities
evidence (based on research, policy, and practice) - correct answer-basing policy, programs,
and practice on knowledge of what works (causation)
WHAT IS RESEARCH? - correct answer--Primary research: original data collection or
analysis
-Various shapes and sizes
-Contains both strengths and weaknesses
-Uncertain and contingent
-Aims to GENERALIZE
-Can be quantitative, qualitative, or mix
generalizability - correct answer-the ability to apply research results to situations other than
exact one in which research was conducted
quantitative research - correct answer-research that collects and reports data primarily in
numerical form
qualitative research - correct answer-Research that considers qualities instead of quantities.
Descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas are often part of
qualitative studies
cross sectional data - correct answer-data representing a single point in time
EX. In 2018, what is average height for a woman and a man?
longitudinal data - correct answer-data gathered over time
~ask same information to same person multiple times over time
descriptive research - correct answer-answers "WHAT IS" questions
causal research - correct answer-answers "WHAT IF" questions
~synonym for applied research
, induction - correct answer-begins with observation and empirical evidence that then leads to
an explanation (small --> big)
EX. All the tigers observed in a particular region have yellow black stripes
All the tiger's native to this region have yellow black stripes.
deduction - correct answer-hypothesizes an explanation, then tests it with observation (big
--> small)
EX. All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Nuremberg Trials/Nuremberg Code - correct answer-first conscious effort by international
society that listed what we should do to protect humans during experiments
1. Voluntary consent
2. Anticipate scientific benefits
3. Benefits outweigh risks
4. Animal experiments first
5. Avoid suffering
6. No intentional death or disability
7. Protection from harm
8. Subject free to stop
9. Qualified investigators- should be well trained
10. Investigator will stop if harm occurs
Declaration of Helsinki (1964) - correct answer-~added onto the Nuremberg Code, NOT
replacement
~"Interest of science and society should NEVER take precedence over considerations
related to the wellbeing of the subject"
1. Informed consent- every single detailed disclosed honestly and transparently
2. Not a legally binding instrument under the international law
Tuskegee Syphilis Study - correct answer--400 African American men
-Researchers tested the men for latent syphilis and studied its natural course
-Recruited with promise of "special free treatment" for "bad blood"
-Actually, spinal taps without anesthesia, called "spinal shots"
-Enrolled without (voluntary, informed) consent
-Denied antibiotic therapy in the 1940s and 1950s (although safe and effective)
-Study halted in 1972: 28-100 men died from advanced syphilis
Guatemala syphilis experiments (1946-1947) - correct answer--Penicillin found to be
effective antibiotics
-US government 'tested on' Guatemalan healthy, prisoners
Milgram Experiment (1961) - correct answer--Obedience to Authority
-Original ad was a study for memory and learning
-Teacher, learner roles
-Electric shocks
