N212: Assessment and Management of
Patients with Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine System: - correct answer-* Affects almost every cell, organ, and function to the
body.
* Closely linked with the nervous system and the immune system.
* Negative feedback mechanism
* Hormones: 1. Chemical messengers 2. Act n specific target cells.
Endocrine System Disorder: - correct answer-* Caused by over-secretion or under-secretion
of any of the hormones produced or released by the gland.
* Primary originates with the target gland that is responsible for producing hormones.
* Secondary target gland may be normal; function altered by defective levels of stimulating
hormone or releasing factors of hypothalamic-pituitary systems.
Example: Pituitary - releases ACTH - to the adrenals release - steroids or epinephrine
Endocrine Glands: Adrenal glands - correct answer-* Adrenal - 2 regions - 1. Cortex
releases steroids
2. Medulla - Fight or Flight
* Adrenals secret hormones that influence the body's metabolism, blood chemicals, & body
characteristics.
* Influences the part of the nervous system that is involved in the response and defense
against stress.
Endocrine Glands: Pancreas: - correct answer-* Secrets a hormone - insulin that controls the
use of glucose by the body.
Endocrine Glands: Ovaries & testicles: - correct answer-* Secretes hormones that influence
female and male characteristics, respectively
Endocrine Glands: Hypothalamus: - correct answer-* Activates & controls the part of the
nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many
body functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite.
Endocrine Glands: Parathyroid glands: - correct answer-* Secrete a hormone that maintains
the calcium level in the blood.
Endocrine Glands: Pineal body: - correct answer-* Daily biological cycles
Endocrine Glands: Pituitary gland: - correct answer-* Produces a number of different
hormones that influence various other Endocrine glands.
* MASTER GLAND
Endocrine Glands: Thymus gland: - correct answer-* Immune function
,* Produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and metabolism.
Endocrine Glands: Thyroid gland: - correct answer-* Produces hormones that stimulate body
heat production, bone growth, and the body's metabolism.
Name some hormones that the Hypothalamus secrets? - correct answer-*
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: TRH
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: GnRH
* Growth hormone-releasing hormone: GHRH
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone: CRH
* Somatostatin
*Dopamine: DA
Name some hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary? - correct answer-* Growth
hormone - GH
* Prolactin - PRL
* Adrnocorticotropic hormone - ACTH, corticotropin
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH, thyrotropin
* Follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH, gonadotropin
* Luteininzing hormone - LH, gonadotropin
Name some hormones released by the Adrenal glands/ Adrenal cortex? - correct answer-*
Glucocorticoids - chiefly cortisol
* Mineralocorticoids - chiefly aldosterone
* Androgens - testosterone
* Estrognes
Name some hormones released by the Adrenal medulla? - correct answer-* Catecholamine -
Adrenaline - epinephrine
* Neurotransmitter - Noradrenaline - norepinephrine
What are the adrenal gland hormones? - correct answer-* Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone
* Glucocorticoids - Cortisol
* Androgens - Dehydoepiandrosterone & Testosterone
Secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex is regulated by? - correct answer-*
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism with adrenal cortex? - correct answer-*
Hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone; CRH. This stimulates the pituitary
gland to secrete ACTH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid
hormone; cortisol.
* Increased levels of the adrenal hormone then inhibit the production of secretion of CRH &
ACTH.
What hormone is released by the kidneys? - correct answer-* Renin
, Name the two hormones that are stored and released by the Posterior Pituitary gland? -
correct answer-* Oxytocin
* Antidieuretic hormone - ADH / vasopressin
Name some body processes that the pituitary gland controls? - correct answer-* Growth
* Blood pressure
* Breast milk production
* Sex organ functions in women & men
* Thyroid gland function
* Metabolism
* Water and osmolality regulation in the body
Name some diseases caused by abnormal pituitary gland function? - correct answer-*
Growth hormone deficiency
* Hypopituitarism
* Acromegaly
* Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
* Diabetes Insipidus
Describe Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Hypercortisolism occurs when the
pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone ACTH. ACTH then signals the adrenal
glands to produce cortisol.
Name some causes of Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* An excess of Cortisol, a
hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
* An excessive production of the hormone ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone; by the
pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce Cortisol.
* Tumor of the pituitary gland
* Tumor of the adrenal gland
* Long-term use of corticosteroids
Name some risk factors for Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Adrenal or pituitary
tumors
* Long-term therapy with corticosteroids
* Being female
Name some manifestations of Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Central-type obesity
"buffalo hump"
* Thin skin
* Ecchymoses
* Kyphosis
* Retention of water and sodium; produces HTN & heart failure
* Moon-face appearance
Name some diagnostic testing for Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Lab work
* Indicators include; increase in sodium and blood glucose levels
* CT
* US
Patients with Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine System: - correct answer-* Affects almost every cell, organ, and function to the
body.
* Closely linked with the nervous system and the immune system.
* Negative feedback mechanism
* Hormones: 1. Chemical messengers 2. Act n specific target cells.
Endocrine System Disorder: - correct answer-* Caused by over-secretion or under-secretion
of any of the hormones produced or released by the gland.
* Primary originates with the target gland that is responsible for producing hormones.
* Secondary target gland may be normal; function altered by defective levels of stimulating
hormone or releasing factors of hypothalamic-pituitary systems.
Example: Pituitary - releases ACTH - to the adrenals release - steroids or epinephrine
Endocrine Glands: Adrenal glands - correct answer-* Adrenal - 2 regions - 1. Cortex
releases steroids
2. Medulla - Fight or Flight
* Adrenals secret hormones that influence the body's metabolism, blood chemicals, & body
characteristics.
* Influences the part of the nervous system that is involved in the response and defense
against stress.
Endocrine Glands: Pancreas: - correct answer-* Secrets a hormone - insulin that controls the
use of glucose by the body.
Endocrine Glands: Ovaries & testicles: - correct answer-* Secretes hormones that influence
female and male characteristics, respectively
Endocrine Glands: Hypothalamus: - correct answer-* Activates & controls the part of the
nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, the hormonal system, and many
body functions, such as regulating sleep and stimulating appetite.
Endocrine Glands: Parathyroid glands: - correct answer-* Secrete a hormone that maintains
the calcium level in the blood.
Endocrine Glands: Pineal body: - correct answer-* Daily biological cycles
Endocrine Glands: Pituitary gland: - correct answer-* Produces a number of different
hormones that influence various other Endocrine glands.
* MASTER GLAND
Endocrine Glands: Thymus gland: - correct answer-* Immune function
,* Produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and metabolism.
Endocrine Glands: Thyroid gland: - correct answer-* Produces hormones that stimulate body
heat production, bone growth, and the body's metabolism.
Name some hormones that the Hypothalamus secrets? - correct answer-*
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: TRH
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: GnRH
* Growth hormone-releasing hormone: GHRH
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone: CRH
* Somatostatin
*Dopamine: DA
Name some hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary? - correct answer-* Growth
hormone - GH
* Prolactin - PRL
* Adrnocorticotropic hormone - ACTH, corticotropin
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH, thyrotropin
* Follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH, gonadotropin
* Luteininzing hormone - LH, gonadotropin
Name some hormones released by the Adrenal glands/ Adrenal cortex? - correct answer-*
Glucocorticoids - chiefly cortisol
* Mineralocorticoids - chiefly aldosterone
* Androgens - testosterone
* Estrognes
Name some hormones released by the Adrenal medulla? - correct answer-* Catecholamine -
Adrenaline - epinephrine
* Neurotransmitter - Noradrenaline - norepinephrine
What are the adrenal gland hormones? - correct answer-* Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone
* Glucocorticoids - Cortisol
* Androgens - Dehydoepiandrosterone & Testosterone
Secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex is regulated by? - correct answer-*
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism with adrenal cortex? - correct answer-*
Hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone; CRH. This stimulates the pituitary
gland to secrete ACTH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid
hormone; cortisol.
* Increased levels of the adrenal hormone then inhibit the production of secretion of CRH &
ACTH.
What hormone is released by the kidneys? - correct answer-* Renin
, Name the two hormones that are stored and released by the Posterior Pituitary gland? -
correct answer-* Oxytocin
* Antidieuretic hormone - ADH / vasopressin
Name some body processes that the pituitary gland controls? - correct answer-* Growth
* Blood pressure
* Breast milk production
* Sex organ functions in women & men
* Thyroid gland function
* Metabolism
* Water and osmolality regulation in the body
Name some diseases caused by abnormal pituitary gland function? - correct answer-*
Growth hormone deficiency
* Hypopituitarism
* Acromegaly
* Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
* Diabetes Insipidus
Describe Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Hypercortisolism occurs when the
pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone ACTH. ACTH then signals the adrenal
glands to produce cortisol.
Name some causes of Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* An excess of Cortisol, a
hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
* An excessive production of the hormone ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone; by the
pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce Cortisol.
* Tumor of the pituitary gland
* Tumor of the adrenal gland
* Long-term use of corticosteroids
Name some risk factors for Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Adrenal or pituitary
tumors
* Long-term therapy with corticosteroids
* Being female
Name some manifestations of Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Central-type obesity
"buffalo hump"
* Thin skin
* Ecchymoses
* Kyphosis
* Retention of water and sodium; produces HTN & heart failure
* Moon-face appearance
Name some diagnostic testing for Cushing's Syndrome? - correct answer-* Lab work
* Indicators include; increase in sodium and blood glucose levels
* CT
* US
