PCT Fresenius Exam | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ✔✔REGULATE, SYNTHESIS, ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize calcitrol (active vitamin
D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? - ✔✔flow rate of filtered fluid
through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - ✔✔acute renal failure: sudden onset, severe, usually
reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity, dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by diabetes, hypertension, or
genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or nephrosclerosis
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? - ✔✔elevated serum levels of
BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium. anemia, nerve damage, yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid
overload, dyspnea, edema, hypertension, proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - ✔✔lack of RBC (decreased or lack of erythropoietin production).
iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and transports oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating
agents and usually administered IV.
,which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ✔✔removal of waste products and
regulation of fluid balance. dialysis does not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease - ✔✔Hemodialysis:
uses vascular access to draw blood from patient and send to dialyzer and into semipermeable
membrane where diffusion removes waste products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides
approximately 15% of the normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
both types use permanent catheter in highly vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into
peritoneal space and allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? - ✔✔Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is
used to remove waste from blood via diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane that filters waste and
fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration gradients caused by the dextrose solution
and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ✔✔seen within the first half
hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain at access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - ✔✔Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial pressure, TMP. stops the blood
pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no cleaning of blood. uf
continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - ✔✔50-70% of body is water. intracellular, extracellular,
intravascular, interstitial.
what is diffusion - ✔✔movement of solutes across semipermeable membrane from high concentration
to low concentration. solutes include urea, electrolytes, creatinine, drugs
what is osmosis? - ✔✔movement of fluid from lower concentration of solutes to a higher concentration.
, what is ultrafiltration? - ✔✔use of both negative and positive pressure to pull excess fluid from the
patient
why is water used for dialysis treated? - ✔✔water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities.
these must be removed bc the patients are exposed to large volumes of water during tx
what is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine - ✔✔combination of chlorine and ammonia
what is the diasafe filter? - ✔✔found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of
ultrapure dialysate.
what factors impact the rate of diffusion? - ✔✔concentration gradient, temperature, molecular weight
of solutes, nature of solution, membrane permeability, surface area, flow geometry convection (solute
drag-irrespective of molecular size, solutes are dragged along with water across dialyzer membrane as
long as solute can fit through pore "magnetic attraction")
what happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ✔✔diffusion is decreased. clotted fibers cause
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated.
at what point point during the hemodialysis tx will diffusion cease to occur? - ✔✔once the concentration
of each electrolyte found in the patients blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
what is the largest factor that impacts ultrafiltration - ✔✔pressure
what happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during treatment? - ✔✔pt blood is not cleaned and
adequacy will decrease
what are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - ✔✔blood compartment and
dialysate compartment is seperated by a semi-permeable membrane. potting material on both ends of
dialyzer to assure separation of blood and dialysate
Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - ✔✔REGULATE, SYNTHESIS, ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize calcitrol (active vitamin
D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? - ✔✔flow rate of filtered fluid
through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - ✔✔acute renal failure: sudden onset, severe, usually
reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity, dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by diabetes, hypertension, or
genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or nephrosclerosis
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? - ✔✔elevated serum levels of
BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium. anemia, nerve damage, yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid
overload, dyspnea, edema, hypertension, proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching,
fatigue, nausea restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - ✔✔lack of RBC (decreased or lack of erythropoietin production).
iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and transports oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating
agents and usually administered IV.
,which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? - ✔✔removal of waste products and
regulation of fluid balance. dialysis does not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease - ✔✔Hemodialysis:
uses vascular access to draw blood from patient and send to dialyzer and into semipermeable
membrane where diffusion removes waste products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides
approximately 15% of the normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
both types use permanent catheter in highly vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into
peritoneal space and allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? - ✔✔Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is
used to remove waste from blood via diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane that filters waste and
fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration gradients caused by the dextrose solution
and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? - ✔✔seen within the first half
hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain at access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - ✔✔Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial pressure, TMP. stops the blood
pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no cleaning of blood. uf
continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - ✔✔50-70% of body is water. intracellular, extracellular,
intravascular, interstitial.
what is diffusion - ✔✔movement of solutes across semipermeable membrane from high concentration
to low concentration. solutes include urea, electrolytes, creatinine, drugs
what is osmosis? - ✔✔movement of fluid from lower concentration of solutes to a higher concentration.
, what is ultrafiltration? - ✔✔use of both negative and positive pressure to pull excess fluid from the
patient
why is water used for dialysis treated? - ✔✔water contains contaminants, electrolytes, and impurities.
these must be removed bc the patients are exposed to large volumes of water during tx
what is chloramine and how is it different from chlorine - ✔✔combination of chlorine and ammonia
what is the diasafe filter? - ✔✔found on back of hemodialysis machine that allows for the delivery of
ultrapure dialysate.
what factors impact the rate of diffusion? - ✔✔concentration gradient, temperature, molecular weight
of solutes, nature of solution, membrane permeability, surface area, flow geometry convection (solute
drag-irrespective of molecular size, solutes are dragged along with water across dialyzer membrane as
long as solute can fit through pore "magnetic attraction")
what happens to diffusion when dialyzer fibers clot? - ✔✔diffusion is decreased. clotted fibers cause
permeability of the fiber to be reduced or eliminated.
at what point point during the hemodialysis tx will diffusion cease to occur? - ✔✔once the concentration
of each electrolyte found in the patients blood is equal to the electrolyte concentration in the dialysate.
what is the largest factor that impacts ultrafiltration - ✔✔pressure
what happens when the dialysate flow is turned off during treatment? - ✔✔pt blood is not cleaned and
adequacy will decrease
what are the compartments of the dialyzer and what separates them? - ✔✔blood compartment and
dialysate compartment is seperated by a semi-permeable membrane. potting material on both ends of
dialyzer to assure separation of blood and dialysate
