ESRM EXAM 2 Questions with 100% Correct Answers Latest Version 2024 Verified

How did west European societies view people living in forests: - criminals, robbers, 'crazies', i.e., no one in right mind would live there. Why don't history books include forests when they recount stories of the building of empires and past civilizations? How does the BASF advertisement help you to answer this question? Speculate how challenging it would have been for human to develop and build great civilizations without access to other people's forests? - History recounts stories of people and strategies they took to build empires or why they lost battles. History written by victors, and not losers, so they don't tell stories of how they stole someone's forests. BASF AD (Chemical company): "We don't make a lot of the products you buy, we make a lot of the products you buy better". History written from official reports, files, court documents, financial papers, newspapers old family papers. About 100 years before the rest of the European countries (starting in 1415), Portugal was an active sea faring nation and had formed successful trading partnerships with northern African communities. Why were they so successful? What prevented other European countries from competing with Portugal during this time period? During the CE, why were sailors afraid to go on long sea voyages? - Portuguese started colonizing 100 years before rest of Europe because invented and designed an ocean-travelling ship called the caravel. Made advancements in navigation tools (Portuguese were first to navigate using latitudes). These technologies saved Portuguese sailors from unnecessarily long voyages (5years) shipwrecks, commercial losses, accidental discoveries, and not returning home. Sailors during s were afraid of scary sea monsters attacking ships. They did not know where they were going, could travel back home or fall into abys at edge of earth (since they thought Earth was flat). Where did Portugal get the wood they needed to build ships that allowed them to form trading partnerships with northern African countries? What did Portugal call the island where they cut trees to build ships? After cutting the trees, what did they grow on the treeless lands? What is the link between Portugal and the 13 original American colonies? Why did Great Britain not like the close interactions that developed between Portugal and the American colonies? - Portugal got the wood to build ships from an island called Madeira, or "wood island". They started planting vineyards on the treeless lands. The link between Portugal and the 13 original colonies was that they enthusiastically consumed a quarter of all wine produced on the island every year (no wine quality grapes grew on thirteen colonies). Madeira wine contributed to American revolution: British seized John Hancock's sloop after he unloaded cargo of madeira wine and dispute rose over import duties. Colonists sold Portugal the wood the oak they needed for wine barrels.Between 1200 to 1700 CE, why were trees important for the European countries to colonize and conquer other lands? Since supplies of trees were already scarce at this time, what vicious cycle resulted from this demand for trees? What evidence tells us that the Europeans were very successful colonizers and conquerors of land during this time? - Trees were so important for European countries to colonize and conquer other lands because they were used to build ships. The evidence we have that tells us the Europeans were very successful colonizers and conquerors of land is the amount of forests that they decimated. During Henry VIII's reign [early 1500 CE], what drove the wide spread deforestation in the English countryside? What was the role of the Hanseatic League in British ship building? What two industries were responsible for forest loss in England during this time? - During Henry VII's rule, England imported almost everything including armaments. The Hanseatic League is what the British navy depended on for materials to build ships. But they could not control these supplies, had to compete with other European countries and pay lot of money for them Ship building industry and foundries to manufacture weapons (cannons, guns, etc) these industries needed so much wood that led to rapid deforestation. Why did the British Navy need to continuously find new supplies of trees to build or to repair old ships? What happened to Columbus on his 4th journey to the Americas and why did he spend almost a year in Jamaica? Why were the new colonies in the Asian tropics important for the British navy? - Because building one new ship required 2,000 individual oak trees, repairing one ship required 435 individual oak trees. British navy continued to expand. Trees also not used very efficiently. On Columbus 4th voyage, all his ships sank due to damage by shipworms. Columbus forced to land on Jamaica, marooned for 1 year before rescue. The new colonies in Asian Tropics important for British navy because (India) had teak trees resistant to shipworm and good for building ships and because they lost american colonies (wood supply). Years before Great Britain controlled who could access India's teak forests, which country bought teak growing in India to build boats and developed a rich regional maritime business recognized around the world? What is unusual about this country becoming a major maritime power? During the 17th and 18th century, what did this country harvest using ships built out of teak wood? - Kuwait. Harvested pearls using teak trees during 17th and 18th centuries. Once they found oil, no longer harvested pearls. What is unusual about this country becoming a major maritime power is that it is a desert country. In England, the British crown had a policy that marked all trees deemed suitable for building ships for the royal navy even if they did not own the trees. They tried to use the same policy in its American Colonies to have trees shipped to England. What was this policy called? What was the response of the American colonialists to this policy? Did this policy cause the over-exploitation of forests in the Americas? (SeeReading) - Broad-arrow policy. Policy did not work in American Colonies, Americans did not like or respect this policy. Therefore, policy did not have any effect on deterring over-exploitation of forests or causing it. English can not be blamed for over-exploiting American forests because they lost control of americas. What occurred 200-300 years later was over-exploitative but not during this time. Clearing land by early colonialists for farming was not over-exploitative of forests. John Gast's 1872 painting "the Manifest Destiny" was used to entice Euro-American settlers to move westward in the Americas. What activities did the painting suggest settlers should pursue in these western lands? How were Native Americans portrayed and impacted by the Manifest Destiny? - Manifest destiny is a religious belief that US Should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean in the name of God (popular view of America at the time). Called "Spirit of the frontier" distributed in tourism pamphlets, displayed settlers moving west, protected by goddess like figure and aided by tech (railways, telegraphs). Suggested settlers should colonize, farm and tame lands. Also suggested Native Americans as dark, suggested natives and bison should be driven into obscurity. When Euro-American settlers first began colonizing and moving westward in the Americas, why were trees cut? Did trees have economic value at this time period? Was this cutting considered to be overexploitative? What was the ideal forest condition for a Euro-American settler during the 1800s? - Trees were first cut for redemption, e.g. manifest destiny, progress (clearing lands for farming), to be civilized, and because they had fear (these lands are scary places that need to be tamed, animals saw humans as food). Trees had no economic value at this time. This cutting was not considered to be overexploitative. Throughout human recorded history [From ~2500 BCE until the mid-1800s CE], global forests were mostly controlled by one group of people. Who were they people? What did these people do in their forests and how did they treat people who trespassed and hunted or collected resources from their forests? Why explanation did CIFOR 2013 give to explain why past feudal practices still impact forest uses in present day Ethiopia? (Reading) - Kings and rulers mostly for 4000 years (2500 BC to 1800 CE. Used forests for hunting. Hunted for social interactions (bonding with members of same social class), hunted for recreation, and hunted for war training skills(never know when king might ask you to give soldiers to fight war). Medieval women also hunted (Cudgels/clubs used for clubbing small animals by women). they kept peasants out. Peasants punished for killing animals in noble forests (fined or killed for collecting from land or killing animals). Penalty for someone who peeled bark of a tree (eventually kills the tree) would have navel cut out, nailed to tree, and driven round the tree until guts wound about tree trunk. Since expansion of Ethiopian kingdom in 13th century, when kings would degrade landscape wherever they went, many farmers stopped planting trees. Feudal past still discourages Ethiopia's farmers from planting trees