Evolution of Human Families
Genotype - correct answer-The set of all genes that an organism carries
Phenotype - correct answer-Observable expression of genes
Darwinian Evolution - correct answer-Phenotypic variation; variation heritable; differential
fitness
Natural Selection Criteria - correct answer-Individual variation exists; resources and
reproduction are limited; competition exists between individuals; some individuals do better
than others; fitness
Lamarck's theory - correct answer-Variation acquired
Darwin's theory - correct answer-Variation is inherited
Stabilizing selection - correct answer-
Directional selection - correct answer-
Diversifying selection - correct answer-
Phylogenetics - correct answer-Study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms
Phenotypic change is sometimes not adaptive - correct answer-Genetic drift; founder effect;
bottleneck; gene flow
Sources of genetic variation - correct answer-Mutations; recombination
Epigeneitcs - correct answer-The study of how changes (inside and outside of the body)
influence gene expression
Behavioral epigenetics - correct answer-Investigates how environmental factors effect
behavior through epigenetic mechanisms
Parental effects - correct answer-Major source of phenotypic plasticity and may influence
offspring phenotype in concert with environmental demands; independent of genetic
influences
Experimental design - correct answer-Control condition = low food and low density; high food
and high density; high food and high perceived density
Anatomically Modern Mother - correct answer-Big brain; hair loss; large infant with small
brain; narrow pelvis; lack of grasping toe
, Life History Theory - correct answer-Provides a framework for understanding the
reproductive schedule within the scope of natural selection
Factors include: gestation, infancy, adolescence, fertility, lifespan; all influenced by intrinsic
and extrinsic mortality
Ardipithecus ramidus - correct answer-Evidence for bipedalism in the pelvis
Australopithecines - correct answer-afarensis (Lucy); 3.85-2.95 mya
Homo habilis - correct answer-Oldowan tool kit; hammerstones; cores; flakes
H. erectus - correct answer-1.89-143,000 ya; modern human life proportions; diversified diet
led to tall bodies and large brains
Trends in the Hominin lineage that influenced life history - correct answer-Bipedal
locomotion; increasing adult brain size; increasing neonate size
Bipedalism - correct answer-Efficiency while walking; thermoregulation; field of vision;
provisioning; infant carrying possibly
Obstetrical Dilemma (OD) - correct answer-Bipedal; pelvis; altriciality; simultaneous
evolution of a larger brain and decreased pelvis width
Encephalization - correct answer-Proportional size of the brain relative to the body size
Solving OD and allowing encephalization - correct answer-1. secondary altriciality 2.
alloparenting 3. increase survival later in life
Secondary altriciality - correct answer-Relationship between brain and body sizes; OD puts a
limit on maximum body size for bipedal females; secondary altriciliaty
Emotionally modern human - correct answer-Hyper-cooperation; food sharing; empathy;
compassion; care for non-kin
Monogamous - correct answer-One male; one female
Polyandry - correct answer-One female; multiple males
Polygyny - correct answer-One male; multiple females
Socio-Ecology - correct answer-The study of how social structure and organization are
influenced by organisms' environment
Reproductive Asymmetry - correct answer-Males have high reproduction potential; limiting
factor for males is the availability of females
Anisogamy - correct answer-Sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes
Genotype - correct answer-The set of all genes that an organism carries
Phenotype - correct answer-Observable expression of genes
Darwinian Evolution - correct answer-Phenotypic variation; variation heritable; differential
fitness
Natural Selection Criteria - correct answer-Individual variation exists; resources and
reproduction are limited; competition exists between individuals; some individuals do better
than others; fitness
Lamarck's theory - correct answer-Variation acquired
Darwin's theory - correct answer-Variation is inherited
Stabilizing selection - correct answer-
Directional selection - correct answer-
Diversifying selection - correct answer-
Phylogenetics - correct answer-Study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms
Phenotypic change is sometimes not adaptive - correct answer-Genetic drift; founder effect;
bottleneck; gene flow
Sources of genetic variation - correct answer-Mutations; recombination
Epigeneitcs - correct answer-The study of how changes (inside and outside of the body)
influence gene expression
Behavioral epigenetics - correct answer-Investigates how environmental factors effect
behavior through epigenetic mechanisms
Parental effects - correct answer-Major source of phenotypic plasticity and may influence
offspring phenotype in concert with environmental demands; independent of genetic
influences
Experimental design - correct answer-Control condition = low food and low density; high food
and high density; high food and high perceived density
Anatomically Modern Mother - correct answer-Big brain; hair loss; large infant with small
brain; narrow pelvis; lack of grasping toe
, Life History Theory - correct answer-Provides a framework for understanding the
reproductive schedule within the scope of natural selection
Factors include: gestation, infancy, adolescence, fertility, lifespan; all influenced by intrinsic
and extrinsic mortality
Ardipithecus ramidus - correct answer-Evidence for bipedalism in the pelvis
Australopithecines - correct answer-afarensis (Lucy); 3.85-2.95 mya
Homo habilis - correct answer-Oldowan tool kit; hammerstones; cores; flakes
H. erectus - correct answer-1.89-143,000 ya; modern human life proportions; diversified diet
led to tall bodies and large brains
Trends in the Hominin lineage that influenced life history - correct answer-Bipedal
locomotion; increasing adult brain size; increasing neonate size
Bipedalism - correct answer-Efficiency while walking; thermoregulation; field of vision;
provisioning; infant carrying possibly
Obstetrical Dilemma (OD) - correct answer-Bipedal; pelvis; altriciality; simultaneous
evolution of a larger brain and decreased pelvis width
Encephalization - correct answer-Proportional size of the brain relative to the body size
Solving OD and allowing encephalization - correct answer-1. secondary altriciality 2.
alloparenting 3. increase survival later in life
Secondary altriciality - correct answer-Relationship between brain and body sizes; OD puts a
limit on maximum body size for bipedal females; secondary altriciliaty
Emotionally modern human - correct answer-Hyper-cooperation; food sharing; empathy;
compassion; care for non-kin
Monogamous - correct answer-One male; one female
Polyandry - correct answer-One female; multiple males
Polygyny - correct answer-One male; multiple females
Socio-Ecology - correct answer-The study of how social structure and organization are
influenced by organisms' environment
Reproductive Asymmetry - correct answer-Males have high reproduction potential; limiting
factor for males is the availability of females
Anisogamy - correct answer-Sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes
