Ch. 1 : Logic (Level 1)
Argument - ANS-A line of reasoning leading to a conclusion with the intent of presenting
an opinion or idea
Valid Argument - ANS-An argument whose structure connects its reasons to its
conclusions in a reliable manner
Factually Correct Argument - ANS-An argument that's premises are true
Sound Argument - ANS-An argument that is both valid and factually correct
Logical Fallacy - ANS-An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid or false
Fallacy of Inconsistency - ANS-Statement that contradicts itself or defeats itself
Ex: "I'm all for equal rights for women. I just think a woman's place is in the home."
Fallacy of Faulty Analogy - ANS-Comparing two things that are not alike in all matters
Ex: "To say humans are immortal is like saying a car can run forever."
Fallacy of False Dilemma - ANS-Either/or Fallacy is intentionally restricting the number
of alternatives, thereby omitting relevant alternatives from consideration.
Ex: "Are you a Republican or a Democrat?"
Fallacy of Equivocation - ANS-Using the same term in an argument in different places
but the word has different meanings.
Ex: "Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away.
Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away."
Fallacy of Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition - ANS-A causal fallacy
you commit this fallacy when you assume that a necessary condition of an event is
sufficient for the event to occur. A necessary condition is a condition that must be
present for an event to occur. A sufficient condition is a condition or set of conditions
that will produce the event. A necessary condition must be there, but it alone does not
provide sufficient cause for the occurrence of the event. Only the sufficient grounds can
do this. In other words, all of the necessary elements must be there
Ex: "I don't know why the car won't run; I just filled the gas tank."
Argument - ANS-A line of reasoning leading to a conclusion with the intent of presenting
an opinion or idea
Valid Argument - ANS-An argument whose structure connects its reasons to its
conclusions in a reliable manner
Factually Correct Argument - ANS-An argument that's premises are true
Sound Argument - ANS-An argument that is both valid and factually correct
Logical Fallacy - ANS-An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid or false
Fallacy of Inconsistency - ANS-Statement that contradicts itself or defeats itself
Ex: "I'm all for equal rights for women. I just think a woman's place is in the home."
Fallacy of Faulty Analogy - ANS-Comparing two things that are not alike in all matters
Ex: "To say humans are immortal is like saying a car can run forever."
Fallacy of False Dilemma - ANS-Either/or Fallacy is intentionally restricting the number
of alternatives, thereby omitting relevant alternatives from consideration.
Ex: "Are you a Republican or a Democrat?"
Fallacy of Equivocation - ANS-Using the same term in an argument in different places
but the word has different meanings.
Ex: "Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away.
Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away."
Fallacy of Confusion of Necessary with a Sufficient Condition - ANS-A causal fallacy
you commit this fallacy when you assume that a necessary condition of an event is
sufficient for the event to occur. A necessary condition is a condition that must be
present for an event to occur. A sufficient condition is a condition or set of conditions
that will produce the event. A necessary condition must be there, but it alone does not
provide sufficient cause for the occurrence of the event. Only the sufficient grounds can
do this. In other words, all of the necessary elements must be there
Ex: "I don't know why the car won't run; I just filled the gas tank."
