BKAT Study
What to do first if patient has chest pain. - ANS-Rest!
ECG changes in an acute MI - ANS-ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads.
Ischemia d/t full thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY.
Inferior leads - ANS-II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion.
Septal leads - ANS-V1 & V2.
Anterior leads - ANS-V1 - V4. LAD lesion.
Lateral leads - ANS-V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion.
Cardiac enzymes - ANS-Troponins, CK-MB, and CK
Changes in CK - ANS-Rise: 3-6 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 3-4 days
Changes in CK-MB - ANS-Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for myocardial
damage.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 2-3 days
Troponin I - ANS-Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 5-10 days
Troponin T - ANS-Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 12-48 hours
Normal: 5-14 days
, Common conditions that cause a murmur - ANS-Aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation
(both acute & chronic), mitral valve regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve
stenosis
Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR - ANS-(Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside,
nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha (Regitine) & Ca channel blockers
Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR - ANS-(Vasopressors) Epinepherine,
norepinepherine, dopamine, neosynephrine
Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI - ANS-Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol,
propranolol, labetolol, esmolol) and Ca channel blockers
Drugs to increase contractility/SVI - ANS-Positive inotropes, dobutamine, dopamine,
milrinone, and digoxin
Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP - ANS-Venous Dilators - Nitroglycerin,
nitroprusside, amrinone, alpha & Ca channel blockers
Diuretics - Furosemide, bumex, mannitol
Drugs to increase preload/CVP/PAWP - ANS-Volume - Colloid, crystalloids, blood,
hetastarch
Dysrhythmia control - antirhythmics, pacemaker, AICD
Complications when using thrombolytics - ANS-Allergic reaction, bleeding/hemorrhage,
stroke
Failure to capture - ANS-Pacer delivers a stimulus at the appropriate time but no
depolarization occurs. No P or QRS wave after pacer spike.
Failure to fire/pace - ANS-No pacer spikes seen
Failure to sense - ANS-Pacemaker does not detects heart's intrinsic activity or interprets
noncardiac activity as intrinsic activity. Spikes in inappropriate times.
Normal PR - ANS-0.12 - 0.20
Normal QRS - ANS-0.04-0.10
Normal QT - ANS-Less than 0.48. Varies by age, HR, and gender.
What to do first if patient has chest pain. - ANS-Rest!
ECG changes in an acute MI - ANS-ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads.
Ischemia d/t full thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY.
Inferior leads - ANS-II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion.
Septal leads - ANS-V1 & V2.
Anterior leads - ANS-V1 - V4. LAD lesion.
Lateral leads - ANS-V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion.
Cardiac enzymes - ANS-Troponins, CK-MB, and CK
Changes in CK - ANS-Rise: 3-6 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 3-4 days
Changes in CK-MB - ANS-Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for myocardial
damage.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 2-3 days
Troponin I - ANS-Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 5-10 days
Troponin T - ANS-Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 12-48 hours
Normal: 5-14 days
, Common conditions that cause a murmur - ANS-Aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation
(both acute & chronic), mitral valve regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve
stenosis
Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR - ANS-(Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside,
nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha (Regitine) & Ca channel blockers
Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR - ANS-(Vasopressors) Epinepherine,
norepinepherine, dopamine, neosynephrine
Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI - ANS-Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol,
propranolol, labetolol, esmolol) and Ca channel blockers
Drugs to increase contractility/SVI - ANS-Positive inotropes, dobutamine, dopamine,
milrinone, and digoxin
Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP - ANS-Venous Dilators - Nitroglycerin,
nitroprusside, amrinone, alpha & Ca channel blockers
Diuretics - Furosemide, bumex, mannitol
Drugs to increase preload/CVP/PAWP - ANS-Volume - Colloid, crystalloids, blood,
hetastarch
Dysrhythmia control - antirhythmics, pacemaker, AICD
Complications when using thrombolytics - ANS-Allergic reaction, bleeding/hemorrhage,
stroke
Failure to capture - ANS-Pacer delivers a stimulus at the appropriate time but no
depolarization occurs. No P or QRS wave after pacer spike.
Failure to fire/pace - ANS-No pacer spikes seen
Failure to sense - ANS-Pacemaker does not detects heart's intrinsic activity or interprets
noncardiac activity as intrinsic activity. Spikes in inappropriate times.
Normal PR - ANS-0.12 - 0.20
Normal QRS - ANS-0.04-0.10
Normal QT - ANS-Less than 0.48. Varies by age, HR, and gender.
