FNDH 620 Exam 1 Study Guide | 100%
Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
What 4 major elements make up the human body? - ✔✔
- Oxygen 63%
- Carbon 18%
- Hydrogen 9%
- Nitrogen 3%
What is a nutrient? - ✔✔a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the
maintenance of life.
How many elements is the body made of? - ✔✔27 of more than 100
Functions of proteins - ✔✔enzymes, receptors, transporters, hormones
How many different types of cells are there? - ✔✔200 all with the same dna but different functions and
nutrient requirements
What is the percent of water in the body - ✔✔55-65%
What is the percent of protein and lipids combined in the body? - ✔✔30-45%
What is the percent of nucleic acids, carbs and others in the body? - ✔✔1%
What is the percent of minerals in the body? - ✔✔5%
What are proteins? - ✔✔amino acids linked by peptide bonds
,DNA/RNA - ✔✔made from nucleotides which are made of purine, pyrimidine, phosphoric acid and
carbohydrate
What are triglycerides? - ✔✔3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol backbone
What is glycogen? - ✔✔glucose molecules linked together by anhydride bonds
What are hydrophobic substances that are impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer interior? - ✔✔ions,
glucose, amino acids and urea
2 types of membrane proteins? - ✔✔intregral and peripheral
What are intregral proteins? - ✔✔they are transmembrane which means they go completely through
functions of intregral proteins? - ✔✔ion channels, carriers, active transporters, receptors and enzymes,
pump to maintain concentration gradient in cell
what are peripheral proteins? - ✔✔they are found only on one side of the bilayer, typically on the
intracellular edge
functions of peripheral proteins - ✔✔enzymes
What makes up glycoprotein? - ✔✔Carbohydrates attached to proteins
What makes up glycolipids? - ✔✔Carbohydrates attached to lipids
What makes up proteoglycans? - ✔✔Protein attached to glycosaminoglycans
,Structure of plasma membrane - ✔✔proteins 55% but lipids outnumber proteins 50:1
Function of cholesterol - ✔✔hydrophobic aside from hydroxyl group enhances the stability of the plasma
membrane
function of peripheral proteins - ✔✔enzymes
Two major parts of the cell - ✔✔cytoplasm and nucleus
Cytoplasm? - ✔✔cytosol and the organelles
Whats in the cytosol? - ✔✔electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids and lipids
Functions of cytosol? - ✔✔concentrations differ form intracellular to extracellular, intregral proteins
function as pumps to maintain this concentration
what are the 7 main organelles? - ✔✔nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, peroxisomes, endosomes
dna structure - ✔✔nucleotides, atgc, double stranded chains run anti parallel, sugar phosphate
backbone,hydrogen bonds, genes code for protein
peroxisomes - ✔✔contain oxidases, participate in ethanol metabolism
Endosomes - ✔✔structures produced for degradation or recycling
lysosome - ✔✔contain acid hydroxylases for digesting most biomolecule types
protein synthesis - ✔✔transcription and translation
, DNA transcription - ✔✔produces a strand of mRNA which dictates which amino acids are linked together
in 3 bases (codons), occurs on ribosomal complexes, tRNA attaches to amino acids and delivers them to
ribosome
nucleus - ✔✔storage and processing for dna, most dna transcription and rRna production, enclosed in a
porous nuclear envelope, cells beget cells, contained in all cells except red blood cells
endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔major site of molecule formation and metabolism within the cell,
participates in ethanol metabolism, next to nucleus, lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, site of
detoxification of drugs and alcohol, large percent in the liver and kidneys
golgi apparatus - ✔✔further processes molecules synthesized in the er, packaging site for exocytosis
destined molecules, layers of thin flat enclosed vesicles, by nucleus and er,
mitochondria - ✔✔atp production, self replicating, vary in shape and size, found in almost every type of
cell, double membraned, outer is highly porous, inner selectively permeable
metabolic function of mitochondrial inner membrane - ✔✔oxidative phosphorylation, contains enzymes
of the electron transport chain, matrix contains enzymes for nutrient oxidation, both krebs cycle and
fatty acid oxidation take place here
how much atp do kidney cells use in active transport? - ✔✔80%
how many atp are required for each amino acid linkage in peptide synthesis - ✔✔4
ATP functions - ✔✔membrane transport (active), synthesis of new molecules, mechanical work.
RNA polymerase - ✔✔catalyzes transcription
glucose-6-phosphotase - ✔✔important in gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown, found in
endoplasmic reticulum
Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
What 4 major elements make up the human body? - ✔✔
- Oxygen 63%
- Carbon 18%
- Hydrogen 9%
- Nitrogen 3%
What is a nutrient? - ✔✔a substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and the
maintenance of life.
How many elements is the body made of? - ✔✔27 of more than 100
Functions of proteins - ✔✔enzymes, receptors, transporters, hormones
How many different types of cells are there? - ✔✔200 all with the same dna but different functions and
nutrient requirements
What is the percent of water in the body - ✔✔55-65%
What is the percent of protein and lipids combined in the body? - ✔✔30-45%
What is the percent of nucleic acids, carbs and others in the body? - ✔✔1%
What is the percent of minerals in the body? - ✔✔5%
What are proteins? - ✔✔amino acids linked by peptide bonds
,DNA/RNA - ✔✔made from nucleotides which are made of purine, pyrimidine, phosphoric acid and
carbohydrate
What are triglycerides? - ✔✔3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol backbone
What is glycogen? - ✔✔glucose molecules linked together by anhydride bonds
What are hydrophobic substances that are impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer interior? - ✔✔ions,
glucose, amino acids and urea
2 types of membrane proteins? - ✔✔intregral and peripheral
What are intregral proteins? - ✔✔they are transmembrane which means they go completely through
functions of intregral proteins? - ✔✔ion channels, carriers, active transporters, receptors and enzymes,
pump to maintain concentration gradient in cell
what are peripheral proteins? - ✔✔they are found only on one side of the bilayer, typically on the
intracellular edge
functions of peripheral proteins - ✔✔enzymes
What makes up glycoprotein? - ✔✔Carbohydrates attached to proteins
What makes up glycolipids? - ✔✔Carbohydrates attached to lipids
What makes up proteoglycans? - ✔✔Protein attached to glycosaminoglycans
,Structure of plasma membrane - ✔✔proteins 55% but lipids outnumber proteins 50:1
Function of cholesterol - ✔✔hydrophobic aside from hydroxyl group enhances the stability of the plasma
membrane
function of peripheral proteins - ✔✔enzymes
Two major parts of the cell - ✔✔cytoplasm and nucleus
Cytoplasm? - ✔✔cytosol and the organelles
Whats in the cytosol? - ✔✔electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids and lipids
Functions of cytosol? - ✔✔concentrations differ form intracellular to extracellular, intregral proteins
function as pumps to maintain this concentration
what are the 7 main organelles? - ✔✔nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
apparatus, peroxisomes, endosomes
dna structure - ✔✔nucleotides, atgc, double stranded chains run anti parallel, sugar phosphate
backbone,hydrogen bonds, genes code for protein
peroxisomes - ✔✔contain oxidases, participate in ethanol metabolism
Endosomes - ✔✔structures produced for degradation or recycling
lysosome - ✔✔contain acid hydroxylases for digesting most biomolecule types
protein synthesis - ✔✔transcription and translation
, DNA transcription - ✔✔produces a strand of mRNA which dictates which amino acids are linked together
in 3 bases (codons), occurs on ribosomal complexes, tRNA attaches to amino acids and delivers them to
ribosome
nucleus - ✔✔storage and processing for dna, most dna transcription and rRna production, enclosed in a
porous nuclear envelope, cells beget cells, contained in all cells except red blood cells
endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔major site of molecule formation and metabolism within the cell,
participates in ethanol metabolism, next to nucleus, lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, site of
detoxification of drugs and alcohol, large percent in the liver and kidneys
golgi apparatus - ✔✔further processes molecules synthesized in the er, packaging site for exocytosis
destined molecules, layers of thin flat enclosed vesicles, by nucleus and er,
mitochondria - ✔✔atp production, self replicating, vary in shape and size, found in almost every type of
cell, double membraned, outer is highly porous, inner selectively permeable
metabolic function of mitochondrial inner membrane - ✔✔oxidative phosphorylation, contains enzymes
of the electron transport chain, matrix contains enzymes for nutrient oxidation, both krebs cycle and
fatty acid oxidation take place here
how much atp do kidney cells use in active transport? - ✔✔80%
how many atp are required for each amino acid linkage in peptide synthesis - ✔✔4
ATP functions - ✔✔membrane transport (active), synthesis of new molecules, mechanical work.
RNA polymerase - ✔✔catalyzes transcription
glucose-6-phosphotase - ✔✔important in gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown, found in
endoplasmic reticulum
