FNDH 400 Final Exam | 100% Correct |
Verified | 2024 Version
If consuming a no carbohydrate diet, what would the brain use as its primary energy source? Where
would these come from? Why does it use these and not fatty acids? - ✔✔The brain would have to use
ketone bodies as its primary energy source since it is unable to use carbohydrates and also unable to go
through beta oxidation and utilize fatty acids. The ketone bodies would come from the liver.
Your friend rarely drinks alcohol, but at a social event is drinking heavily. How would he/she be
metabolizing the alcohol? What would it be metabolized to and at what intermediate does it join
macronutrient metabolism products? - ✔✔First my friend would be metabolizing the alcohol consumed
by ADH, once its capacity was exceeded the MEOS system would be metabolizing it. They metabolize it
to acetaldehyde and then ALDH metabolizes it to acetyl-CoA which is the metabolite that is a central
point of macronutrient metabolism.
Why does the liver secrete glucose, but the muscle does not? - ✔✔Because the liver has glucose-6-
phosphatase while the muscle does not. This enzymes cleaves the phosphate group off of glucose-6-
phosphate so that glucose can be secreted
DIAAS V PCDAAS - ✔✔PDCAAS uses total digestibility, a single reference pattern, and is truncated
DIAAS uses ideal digestibility, multiple ref. patterns, & is not truncated
AAS V PDCAAS - ✔✔PDCAAS takes into account protein digestibility along with the amino acid score
sucrose v high fructose corn syrup - ✔✔The fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, so it will result in
the same free fructose available for uptake as HFCS where fructose is free already.
linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid - ✔✔Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid (omega 6) elongated fatty
acids are more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic acid (omega3) elongated fatty
acids
good, not fermented, decreasing - ✔✔Sugar alcohols are a ____ option for chewing gum because they
are ___ by bacteria in the mouth, ____ acid production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
,Bile - ✔✔Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder and helps emulsify lipids.
alpha 1-6 bonds, oligosaccharides, decreasing - ✔✔Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ___in
____ thereby ___ the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can
lead to flatulence
6 fructoses and 1 glucose - ✔✔This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and
is both an oligosaccharide and a prebiotic.
Galactose, beta, glucose, lactose - ✔✔___ is seldom found in nature alone, and is ____-bonded to _____
in _____.
Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme
responsible for this action - ✔✔Carbohydrates - salivary amylase
Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? - ✔✔nonfermentable, non
viscous fiber
Name the components of pancreatic juice - ✔✔Bicarbonate, and Digestive enzymes
Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? - ✔✔Heartburn
and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artificial or synthesized) -
✔✔Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract
Complete proteins - ✔✔provide adequate amounts of all 9 essential amino acids. animal sources are
good sources of complete proteins
Complementary proteins - ✔✔both must have a different limiting amino acids.
, Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU - ✔✔Aspartame - Aspartame is broken down
into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid that those with PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it.
Can lead to adverse effects if consumed at too high levels.
Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of fiber) - ✔✔Glycogen chains
are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch points.
Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to any great extent. -
✔✔Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and HCl.
HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein.
Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides.
Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes.
Carbohydrates are not digested to any great extent in the stomach.
Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of what type of fatty acids?
What are the pros and cons of these fatty acids? - ✔✔Trans Fatty Acids (along with some saturated fatty
acids). The pros are that trans fatty acids increase the melting point of the oil, generally making it solid at
room temperature and thus easier to handle.
Cons: consuming trans fatty acids increases LDL and decreases HDL.
Significant increase / decrease - ✔✔Significant increase above 1
Significant decrease below 1 NO OVERLAP
Statistically significant - ✔✔pvalue = 0.001 to 0.049
Verified | 2024 Version
If consuming a no carbohydrate diet, what would the brain use as its primary energy source? Where
would these come from? Why does it use these and not fatty acids? - ✔✔The brain would have to use
ketone bodies as its primary energy source since it is unable to use carbohydrates and also unable to go
through beta oxidation and utilize fatty acids. The ketone bodies would come from the liver.
Your friend rarely drinks alcohol, but at a social event is drinking heavily. How would he/she be
metabolizing the alcohol? What would it be metabolized to and at what intermediate does it join
macronutrient metabolism products? - ✔✔First my friend would be metabolizing the alcohol consumed
by ADH, once its capacity was exceeded the MEOS system would be metabolizing it. They metabolize it
to acetaldehyde and then ALDH metabolizes it to acetyl-CoA which is the metabolite that is a central
point of macronutrient metabolism.
Why does the liver secrete glucose, but the muscle does not? - ✔✔Because the liver has glucose-6-
phosphatase while the muscle does not. This enzymes cleaves the phosphate group off of glucose-6-
phosphate so that glucose can be secreted
DIAAS V PCDAAS - ✔✔PDCAAS uses total digestibility, a single reference pattern, and is truncated
DIAAS uses ideal digestibility, multiple ref. patterns, & is not truncated
AAS V PDCAAS - ✔✔PDCAAS takes into account protein digestibility along with the amino acid score
sucrose v high fructose corn syrup - ✔✔The fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, so it will result in
the same free fructose available for uptake as HFCS where fructose is free already.
linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid - ✔✔Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid (omega 6) elongated fatty
acids are more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic acid (omega3) elongated fatty
acids
good, not fermented, decreasing - ✔✔Sugar alcohols are a ____ option for chewing gum because they
are ___ by bacteria in the mouth, ____ acid production and thus decreasing cavity formation.
,Bile - ✔✔Bile is synthesized by the liver and concentrated in the gallbladder and helps emulsify lipids.
alpha 1-6 bonds, oligosaccharides, decreasing - ✔✔Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ___in
____ thereby ___ the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can
lead to flatulence
6 fructoses and 1 glucose - ✔✔This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and
is both an oligosaccharide and a prebiotic.
Galactose, beta, glucose, lactose - ✔✔___ is seldom found in nature alone, and is ____-bonded to _____
in _____.
Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme
responsible for this action - ✔✔Carbohydrates - salivary amylase
Which type of fiber survives digestion and is excreted as a part of feces? - ✔✔nonfermentable, non
viscous fiber
Name the components of pancreatic juice - ✔✔Bicarbonate, and Digestive enzymes
Gastric juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? - ✔✔Heartburn
and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease
Name the 2 alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artificial or synthesized) -
✔✔Stevia and Luo Han Guo (monkfruit) extract
Complete proteins - ✔✔provide adequate amounts of all 9 essential amino acids. animal sources are
good sources of complete proteins
Complementary proteins - ✔✔both must have a different limiting amino acids.
, Alternative sweetener that is a concern for those with PKU - ✔✔Aspartame - Aspartame is broken down
into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid that those with PKU should limit. They cannot metabolize it.
Can lead to adverse effects if consumed at too high levels.
Differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose (main type of fiber) - ✔✔Glycogen chains
are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch points.
Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 bonds.
Cellulose contains beta bonds.
Digestion process in the stomach and which macronutrients are not digested to any great extent. -
✔✔Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and HCl.
HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein.
Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides.
Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes.
Carbohydrates are not digested to any great extent in the stomach.
Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of what type of fatty acids?
What are the pros and cons of these fatty acids? - ✔✔Trans Fatty Acids (along with some saturated fatty
acids). The pros are that trans fatty acids increase the melting point of the oil, generally making it solid at
room temperature and thus easier to handle.
Cons: consuming trans fatty acids increases LDL and decreases HDL.
Significant increase / decrease - ✔✔Significant increase above 1
Significant decrease below 1 NO OVERLAP
Statistically significant - ✔✔pvalue = 0.001 to 0.049
