FNDH 400 Exam 3 | 100% Correct | Verified |
2024 Version
Where does the name Vitamin come from? - ✔✔Vital amines --> Vitamines, but when it was discovered
they weren't amines, the E was dropped
Fat soluble vitamins - ✔✔A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins - ✔✔C, B
What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why? - ✔✔B4, B8, B10, B11
Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy
EV McCollum and vitamins - ✔✔Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia
(inflammation of the eye) and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi
Factor A --> Vitamin A
Factor B --> B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s)
Thiamin cofactor - ✔✔Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Riboflavin cofactor - ✔✔Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Niacin cofactor - ✔✔Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Pantothenic Acid cofactor - ✔✔Coenzyme A
,Vitamin B6 cofactor - ✔✔Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Folate cofactor - ✔✔Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Vitamin B12 cofactor - ✔✔Adensosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins - ✔✔B
Why must we consume B vitamins? - ✔✔Cofactors
Mineral amount classifcation - ✔✔Amount required
Macromineral > Trace Minerals > Ultratrace Minerals
DRIs - ✔✔EAR
RDA
AI
UL
Dietary guideliens - ✔✔Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and
health maintenance
DRI definition - ✔✔Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components
to be of benefit
Dietary guidelines vs DRI - ✔✔Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals
RDA
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - ✔✔Recommended Dietary Allowance
, Asses quality of people's diets
Meets needs of 97.5% of the population
Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations)
EAR
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - ✔✔Estimated Average Requirement
Estimated quality of 50% of the population
Requires applicable research
Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA - ✔✔.5 (50%) EAR
.025 (25%) RDA
Formula for setting RDA - ✔✔EAR + 2 standard deviations
AI
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - ✔✔Adequate Intake
Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup
Not research based
Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
UL
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - ✔✔Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects to almost all
individuals of a population
First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors
NOAEL and LOAEL - ✔✔No observed adverse effect level
Lowest observed adverse effect level
*Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL
2024 Version
Where does the name Vitamin come from? - ✔✔Vital amines --> Vitamines, but when it was discovered
they weren't amines, the E was dropped
Fat soluble vitamins - ✔✔A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins - ✔✔C, B
What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why? - ✔✔B4, B8, B10, B11
Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy
EV McCollum and vitamins - ✔✔Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia
(inflammation of the eye) and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi
Factor A --> Vitamin A
Factor B --> B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s)
Thiamin cofactor - ✔✔Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Riboflavin cofactor - ✔✔Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Niacin cofactor - ✔✔Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Pantothenic Acid cofactor - ✔✔Coenzyme A
,Vitamin B6 cofactor - ✔✔Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Folate cofactor - ✔✔Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Vitamin B12 cofactor - ✔✔Adensosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins - ✔✔B
Why must we consume B vitamins? - ✔✔Cofactors
Mineral amount classifcation - ✔✔Amount required
Macromineral > Trace Minerals > Ultratrace Minerals
DRIs - ✔✔EAR
RDA
AI
UL
Dietary guideliens - ✔✔Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and
health maintenance
DRI definition - ✔✔Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components
to be of benefit
Dietary guidelines vs DRI - ✔✔Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals
RDA
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - ✔✔Recommended Dietary Allowance
, Asses quality of people's diets
Meets needs of 97.5% of the population
Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations)
EAR
(Definition, Needs met, Set) - ✔✔Estimated Average Requirement
Estimated quality of 50% of the population
Requires applicable research
Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA - ✔✔.5 (50%) EAR
.025 (25%) RDA
Formula for setting RDA - ✔✔EAR + 2 standard deviations
AI
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - ✔✔Adequate Intake
Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup
Not research based
Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
UL
(Definition, Needs Met, Set) - ✔✔Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects to almost all
individuals of a population
First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors
NOAEL and LOAEL - ✔✔No observed adverse effect level
Lowest observed adverse effect level
*Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL
