HED ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Health
A multidimensional dynamic state of the human organism, a resource for living, and a
result of a person's interaction with and adaptations to his or her environment. It's
composed of the state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being -- not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Data is
collected at several levels to assist with the prevention of disease outbreaks or control
those in progress.
Epidemiology is (THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF
DISEASES IN A SPECIFIC POPULATION)
The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known as (THE MORTALITY RATE).
The average number of years of life remaining is known as the (LIFE EXPECTANCY)
,Which rate is the measure of premature mortality? (YEARS OF POTENTIAL LIFE LOST
[YPLL])
FALSE: Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) is based upon mortality rates.
Endemic
An outbreak of a disease that occurs regularly in a population and is expected to occur,
such as chicken pox.
Epidemic
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease within a defined
population, such as West Nile
Pandemic
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease over a wide
geographic area, like a continent! An example is HIV/AIDs in the 1980s.
Infectious vs. Chronic Disease Death Rates (1900-2000)
Chronic diseases started to become a big problem in the US in the 20s. We started to
realize this in the 50s and started doing something about it in the 70s. They're a bigger
problem than infectious disease because we can handle those via vaccinations, etc.
Chronic diseases are those that are persistent and long lasting in their effects, such as
cancer.
Between 1850 and 1950, the primary focus of public health efforts in the United States
was to (CONTROL INFECTIOUS DISEASES)
Risk factors
,Inherited, environmental, and behavioral influences that are known to increase the
likelihood of physical or mental problems. Characteristics which increase the probability
of health problems.
Categories of risk factors
(1) demographic (age, gender, race, etc) - old age is a risk factor for dementia
(2) inherited - sickle cell
(3) environmental - sun exposure is a risk factor for skin cancer
(4) behavioral - high sugar intake is a risk factor for diabetes
Modifiable risk factors
Changeable or controllable, including factors like a sedentary lifestyle, smoking and
poor dietary habits - things that the individual can alter themselves.
Behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and inactivity are (MODIFIABLE) risk factors,
whereas genetics and demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, etc) are (NON-
MODIFIABLE) risk factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors
Nonchangeable or noncontrollable, including factors like age, sex, and inherited genes.
Behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and inactivity are (MODIFIABLE) risk factors,
whereas genetics and demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, etc) are (NON-
MODIFIABLE) risk factors.
Communicable diseases
Can be communicated to others... so they're infectious. Like the flu.
, Non-communicable diseases
Can't be communicated form an infected person to a healthy, susceptible one - cancer
and other such illnesses
Communicable disease model
Summarizes the minimal requirements for the presence and spread of a communicable
disease in a population. The agent is the element that must be present for a disease to
spread (e.g. bacteria or virus), the host is any susceptible organism, and the
environment is all other factors that prohibit/promote disease transmission.
Levels of causes and consequences
• Social structures (macro)
• Social institutions (meso)
• Individuals (micro)
• Microbial
Social structures (macro)
The systems of beliefs and values that contribute to a social order... forces that interact
and shape events, like capitalism, heterosexuality, and patriarchy
Social institutions (meso)
Customs, practices, relationships, etc. For example, an established organization like a
school, prison, or hospital.
Individuals (micro)
Individual experiences and interactions within social structures and institutions
Microbiological
Host characteristics including co-infections and general well-being, heridity traits
VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Health
A multidimensional dynamic state of the human organism, a resource for living, and a
result of a person's interaction with and adaptations to his or her environment. It's
composed of the state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being -- not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity.
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specific populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. Data is
collected at several levels to assist with the prevention of disease outbreaks or control
those in progress.
Epidemiology is (THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF
DISEASES IN A SPECIFIC POPULATION)
The number of deaths per 100,000 population is known as (THE MORTALITY RATE).
The average number of years of life remaining is known as the (LIFE EXPECTANCY)
,Which rate is the measure of premature mortality? (YEARS OF POTENTIAL LIFE LOST
[YPLL])
FALSE: Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DALE) is based upon mortality rates.
Endemic
An outbreak of a disease that occurs regularly in a population and is expected to occur,
such as chicken pox.
Epidemic
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease within a defined
population, such as West Nile
Pandemic
An outbreak of an unexpectedly large number of cases of a disease over a wide
geographic area, like a continent! An example is HIV/AIDs in the 1980s.
Infectious vs. Chronic Disease Death Rates (1900-2000)
Chronic diseases started to become a big problem in the US in the 20s. We started to
realize this in the 50s and started doing something about it in the 70s. They're a bigger
problem than infectious disease because we can handle those via vaccinations, etc.
Chronic diseases are those that are persistent and long lasting in their effects, such as
cancer.
Between 1850 and 1950, the primary focus of public health efforts in the United States
was to (CONTROL INFECTIOUS DISEASES)
Risk factors
,Inherited, environmental, and behavioral influences that are known to increase the
likelihood of physical or mental problems. Characteristics which increase the probability
of health problems.
Categories of risk factors
(1) demographic (age, gender, race, etc) - old age is a risk factor for dementia
(2) inherited - sickle cell
(3) environmental - sun exposure is a risk factor for skin cancer
(4) behavioral - high sugar intake is a risk factor for diabetes
Modifiable risk factors
Changeable or controllable, including factors like a sedentary lifestyle, smoking and
poor dietary habits - things that the individual can alter themselves.
Behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and inactivity are (MODIFIABLE) risk factors,
whereas genetics and demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, etc) are (NON-
MODIFIABLE) risk factors.
Non-modifiable risk factors
Nonchangeable or noncontrollable, including factors like age, sex, and inherited genes.
Behaviors such as smoking, poor diet, and inactivity are (MODIFIABLE) risk factors,
whereas genetics and demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, etc) are (NON-
MODIFIABLE) risk factors.
Communicable diseases
Can be communicated to others... so they're infectious. Like the flu.
, Non-communicable diseases
Can't be communicated form an infected person to a healthy, susceptible one - cancer
and other such illnesses
Communicable disease model
Summarizes the minimal requirements for the presence and spread of a communicable
disease in a population. The agent is the element that must be present for a disease to
spread (e.g. bacteria or virus), the host is any susceptible organism, and the
environment is all other factors that prohibit/promote disease transmission.
Levels of causes and consequences
• Social structures (macro)
• Social institutions (meso)
• Individuals (micro)
• Microbial
Social structures (macro)
The systems of beliefs and values that contribute to a social order... forces that interact
and shape events, like capitalism, heterosexuality, and patriarchy
Social institutions (meso)
Customs, practices, relationships, etc. For example, an established organization like a
school, prison, or hospital.
Individuals (micro)
Individual experiences and interactions within social structures and institutions
Microbiological
Host characteristics including co-infections and general well-being, heridity traits
