CTEL 1, 2, 3 Study Guide With Guaranteed Verified Answers.

Phonolgy - correct answer study of speech sounds in language, particularly sounds that are distinct to specific languages Phonemes - correct answer The smallest units of sound used in a language. (English uses 41) *"B" sound in Book is a phoneme Intonation - correct answer The rise and fall of the voice in speaking. A variance in the voice that helps make meaning (High pitch at the end of a question) *Changes in stress and pitch are considered this Pitch - correct answer How high or low a sound is in tone of voice Modulation - correct answer The changing or control of one's frequency during speech (going from loud to quiet) Aural Comprehension - correct answer This term describes a person's ability to understand information received via the ears Digraph - correct answer A union of two characters representing a single sound. Diphthong - correct answer Two vowel sounds produced together so that they are defined as one sound. *Makes the speak have to move their tongue (Ex: Boy) Schwa - correct answer Vowel sound that appears in an unaccented or unstressed part of the word (uh sound in alone) consonant clusters - correct answer In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits (/bl/ and /nd/ in bland) Compound word - correct answer when two words, or morphemes, are joined to form a new word (mailbox) Morpheme - correct answer in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Lexical Morpheme - correct answer base word, , a prefix, suffix, infix (argue=1 morpheme, argument- 2 lexical morphemes) Explicit/organized/systematic phonics - correct answer the teaching of individual letter sounds and their relationship in combined letter sounds (S sound then the sh sound) Decoding skill - correct answer is the ability to analyze and make sense of the symbols that make up language, both written and verbal. Recognizing letters, sounds, patterns, and organize them in a meaningful communication Spelling Patterns - correct answer A spelling pattern is a common combination of letters. if a language learner learns "ea" then he or she will notice, head, bread since they know that pattern Orthography - correct answer a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols Structural Analysis - correct answer involves splitting words into their individual parts; prefix, suffix, and root word to determine meaning. Prior knowledge - correct answer knowledge you have before you read a text, which is used to make inferences about the text Contrastive Analysis - correct answer differences between two languages that might pose problems for the teacher/students - was later found that many errors couldn't be explained through a negative transfer from the first to second language context clues - correct answer A vocabulary strategy in which the reader looks at the words around an unfamiliar word to find clues to its meaning. Word structure - correct answer The way in which the parts of a word are arranged together. Apposition - correct answer a grammar construction in which a noun (or noun phrase) is placed with another as an explanation ELD (English Language Development) - correct answer Set of instructional programs for teaching and developing a learner's English competency. Syntactic Category - correct answer The parts of a language (e.g. noun, verb, etc.) Syntax - correct answer The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. Sentence Structure Semantics - correct answer Meaning of words and sentences. Meaning made after putting words together. Language Ambiguity - correct answer a word can have more than one meaning, selection of contextually appropriate meaning Cohesion and coherence - correct answer how ideas are logically connected together written or spoken. The degree that the text makes sense to the reader. Pragmatics - correct answer the study of how context clues give meaning to language, as well as the study of the rules of social interaction and speech Cognitive process - correct answer Emphasizes ways to enhance student's intrinsic nature and make sense of the world around them. Ex. Critical thinking, creative thinking, questioning, inductive and deductive reasoning, problem-solving, planning, memory, recall. Categorization - correct answer a cognitive process used to organize information by placing it into larger groupings of information Metacognition - correct answer "Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task English sentence patterns - correct answer In English, sentence patterns are commonly on of the following: Subject+Verb (I ran) Subjet, verb, object (I play sports) Subject+verb+indirect/direct objects (Sally bought us tickets) or subject+verb+object+complement (he painted the door red). sentences that stray from these basic structures are confusing and may fail to convey meaning. Communicative Competence - correct answer The ability to understand appropriate behaviors and language for various situations. Influencing factors and discourse - correct answer gender, culture, education, age, vocation, social class, setting, context...etc Formal/informal registers - correct answer Choice of words used in particular situations Idiomatic speech - correct answer literal meaning of word not intended *Kick the bucket Contemporary theory of language acquisition - correct answer language learners exposed to language in natural environment instead of directly taught Imitation theory - correct answer children learn language by listening to the speech around them and produce what they hear Reinforcement theory - correct answer learn language based on their experience. Innateness theory - correct answer the idea that we are just born with the ability to learn the language Behaviorist theory - correct answer language is learned by reinforcement from caregivers or others Cognitive view theory - correct answer this view theorizes that L2 learners thing about language and their cognitive skills to "figure out" L2 rules a