ASU BIO 340 Exam 1 Questions & Answers
2024
selective breeding (artificial selection) - CORRECT ANSWER-the process of
developing organisms with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - CORRECT ANSWER-Amateur botanist who
published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for
his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of heredity and the variation
of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - CORRECT ANSWER-an experiment proposed
by Frederick Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from
a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain
into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - CORRECT ANSWER-biological researchers
who identified DNA as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - CORRECT ANSWER-concluded that the genetic
material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - CORRECT ANSWER-Austrian biochemist who discovered that
identical quantities of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the
complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - CORRECT ANSWER-British bacteriologist; the first
person to show that hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to
another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - CORRECT ANSWER-the complete set of genetic information carried
by a species
,vertical transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-gene transmission between
organisms without parental reproduction
horizontal transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-gene transmission from parents
to their offspring through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - CORRECT ANSWER-the process in which DNA makes a
duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA
template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - CORRECT ANSWER-a single-stranded RNA
molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
hereditary material - CORRECT ANSWER-the information which is passed from
one cellular generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - CORRECT ANSWER-biological researchers who
provided the basis for research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model
as a structure for nucleic acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - CORRECT ANSWER-the two scientists who
discovered the structure and shape of DNA
nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER-a building block of DNA, consisting of a
five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
group.
genes - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA segments that serve as the key functional
units in hereditary transmission.
chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and
protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in
the form of genes.
nucleoid - CORRECT ANSWER-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
, diploid - CORRECT ANSWER-containing two complete sets of chromosomes,
one from each parent (2n)
haploid - CORRECT ANSWER-an organism or cell having only one complete set
of chromosomes (n)
gametes - CORRECT ANSWER-human sex cells containing one set of 23
chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-matched pairs of
chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - CORRECT ANSWER-A=T and C=G
locus - CORRECT ANSWER-position of a gene on a chromosome
Meselson and Stahl (1958) - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacterial cells were grown in
a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N
All the DNA incorporated 15N
Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
central dogma - CORRECT ANSWER-theory that states that, in cells, information
only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
translation - CORRECT ANSWER-decoding of a mRNA message into a
polypeptide chain
initiation of translation - CORRECT ANSWER-mRNA is attached to a subunit of
the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG
template strand - CORRECT ANSWER-the strand of DNA that specifies the
complementary mRNA molecule
nontemplate strand - CORRECT ANSWER-The un-transcribed partner of the
template strand of DNA used in transcription.
2024
selective breeding (artificial selection) - CORRECT ANSWER-the process of
developing organisms with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - CORRECT ANSWER-Amateur botanist who
published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for
his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of heredity and the variation
of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - CORRECT ANSWER-an experiment proposed
by Frederick Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from
a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain
into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - CORRECT ANSWER-biological researchers
who identified DNA as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - CORRECT ANSWER-concluded that the genetic
material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - CORRECT ANSWER-Austrian biochemist who discovered that
identical quantities of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the
complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - CORRECT ANSWER-British bacteriologist; the first
person to show that hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to
another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - CORRECT ANSWER-the complete set of genetic information carried
by a species
,vertical transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-gene transmission between
organisms without parental reproduction
horizontal transmission - CORRECT ANSWER-gene transmission from parents
to their offspring through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - CORRECT ANSWER-the process in which DNA makes a
duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA
template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - CORRECT ANSWER-a single-stranded RNA
molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
hereditary material - CORRECT ANSWER-the information which is passed from
one cellular generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - CORRECT ANSWER-biological researchers who
provided the basis for research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model
as a structure for nucleic acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - CORRECT ANSWER-the two scientists who
discovered the structure and shape of DNA
nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER-a building block of DNA, consisting of a
five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
group.
genes - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA segments that serve as the key functional
units in hereditary transmission.
chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and
protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in
the form of genes.
nucleoid - CORRECT ANSWER-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
, diploid - CORRECT ANSWER-containing two complete sets of chromosomes,
one from each parent (2n)
haploid - CORRECT ANSWER-an organism or cell having only one complete set
of chromosomes (n)
gametes - CORRECT ANSWER-human sex cells containing one set of 23
chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - CORRECT ANSWER-matched pairs of
chromosomes in a diploid organism
Chargaff's Rule - CORRECT ANSWER-A=T and C=G
locus - CORRECT ANSWER-position of a gene on a chromosome
Meselson and Stahl (1958) - CORRECT ANSWER-Bacterial cells were grown in
a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N
All the DNA incorporated 15N
Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
central dogma - CORRECT ANSWER-theory that states that, in cells, information
only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
translation - CORRECT ANSWER-decoding of a mRNA message into a
polypeptide chain
initiation of translation - CORRECT ANSWER-mRNA is attached to a subunit of
the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG
template strand - CORRECT ANSWER-the strand of DNA that specifies the
complementary mRNA molecule
nontemplate strand - CORRECT ANSWER-The un-transcribed partner of the
template strand of DNA used in transcription.
