Renal System Interstitial
1. Describe the concepts of osmolarity and - Some calcium Ca+ in low level
tonicity - Lots of sodium Na+
- Phosphate PO₄³⁻
2. Discuss how constant environment - Bicarbonate HCO3-
outside cells is necessary for environment Plasma
inside cells
- Lots of sodium Na+
3. Discuss the production of urea - Chloride Cl-
Cellular composition – FLUID POOLS - Proteins
Intracellular
Constant environment outside cells helps cells
maintain inside environment. - Potassium K+
- Little sodium Na+
The kidneys work to maintain the composition of - Little calcium Ca+
blood - Proteins
Composition of blood maintains composition of
fluid
Fluid types
Plasma volume
extracellul
ar
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid (ECF): includes all fluid
around cells (inside blood and not).
Plasma: found within blood vessels around
blood ‘cells’ (not actual cells) and in blood
Interstitial fluid (IF):
around all other cells, not in
blood
Intracellular fluid (ICF):
found within any cell.
Composition of ICF and ECF
Cations are balanced by anions, cations most
important.
Cations + anions inside = Cations +
anions outside Transfer between fluid pools
Regulating the ECF
Ions and solutes in the fluid pools
ICF ↔ ECF water moves via osmolarity
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ↓ ↑ ∴ + = 💡Mnemoic
, Capillary membrane: (leaky) Types of diffusion
- Separates plasma and interstitial fluid
Simple – directly through phospholipid bilayer
- Porous barrier to: ions, water, acids, bases,
and glucose but not proteins. Carrier mediated – via protein carrier specific for
- Waste can be easily absorbed e.g., acid and one chemical.
nutrients easily released.
Channel mediated – through channel protein,
ions selected on size and charger
Plasma membrane: (tight)
- Between interstitial fluid and intracellular Osmosis – channel protein or bilayer. Diffusion of
fluid. water according to salt concentration gradient.
- Tight and not as leaky, needs transport (Technically not and it moves through a pore)
channels (membrane proteins).
Hypotonic/hypoosmotic solutions cause cells to
- Can exclude ions or even water and
swell
selectively absorb nutrients
- Movement (passively down a gradient, Hypertonic/ hyperosmotic solutions cause cells
actively against a gradient using ATP) to shrink.
This is because plasma is regulated highly (blood)
Isotonic/ isosmotic stay the same.
whilst interstitial fluid is not as much.
Ion changes can impact cells
- Change leakage channels
- Fluid pool changes, others change could occur
Causes
- Ion imbalance
- Membrane potential changes.
Osmolality and tonicity Cellular function and waste production
Cells continuously
Tonicity: is a subtle variation in osmolarity - Produce new proteins and break down old
(small number of ions move out or in and ones
a lot of water moves in or out changing - Break down amino acids
the size of the cell). Also is a key factor for - Conduct active processes using ATP
non-penetrating solutes. - Generate ATP via energy metabolism
- Keep a constant ion balance
Osmolarity: the concentration of ions in Therefore! Waste is always being created.
plasma. Total solute spectrum
Protein breakdown
When referring to osmolality, all particles count - Proteins made from amino acids (C, H, O, N)
equally. For tonicity, only particles which are held - Amino acids turnover to CO2 and ammonia
out by the plasma membrane are considered. - CO2 lungs H+ water.
Function of the kidneys - Regulate water and - Ammonia liver Urea Kidneys
sodium reabsorption into blood, regulates plasma - Urea is produced all the time and always must
which equilibrates with interstitial fluid via be filtered out carefully as it is toxic.
movement across capillaries. (0.5ml/kg/hr normal)
ATP
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ↓ ↑ ∴ + = 💡Mnemoic
1. Describe the concepts of osmolarity and - Some calcium Ca+ in low level
tonicity - Lots of sodium Na+
- Phosphate PO₄³⁻
2. Discuss how constant environment - Bicarbonate HCO3-
outside cells is necessary for environment Plasma
inside cells
- Lots of sodium Na+
3. Discuss the production of urea - Chloride Cl-
Cellular composition – FLUID POOLS - Proteins
Intracellular
Constant environment outside cells helps cells
maintain inside environment. - Potassium K+
- Little sodium Na+
The kidneys work to maintain the composition of - Little calcium Ca+
blood - Proteins
Composition of blood maintains composition of
fluid
Fluid types
Plasma volume
extracellul
ar
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid (ECF): includes all fluid
around cells (inside blood and not).
Plasma: found within blood vessels around
blood ‘cells’ (not actual cells) and in blood
Interstitial fluid (IF):
around all other cells, not in
blood
Intracellular fluid (ICF):
found within any cell.
Composition of ICF and ECF
Cations are balanced by anions, cations most
important.
Cations + anions inside = Cations +
anions outside Transfer between fluid pools
Regulating the ECF
Ions and solutes in the fluid pools
ICF ↔ ECF water moves via osmolarity
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ↓ ↑ ∴ + = 💡Mnemoic
, Capillary membrane: (leaky) Types of diffusion
- Separates plasma and interstitial fluid
Simple – directly through phospholipid bilayer
- Porous barrier to: ions, water, acids, bases,
and glucose but not proteins. Carrier mediated – via protein carrier specific for
- Waste can be easily absorbed e.g., acid and one chemical.
nutrients easily released.
Channel mediated – through channel protein,
ions selected on size and charger
Plasma membrane: (tight)
- Between interstitial fluid and intracellular Osmosis – channel protein or bilayer. Diffusion of
fluid. water according to salt concentration gradient.
- Tight and not as leaky, needs transport (Technically not and it moves through a pore)
channels (membrane proteins).
Hypotonic/hypoosmotic solutions cause cells to
- Can exclude ions or even water and
swell
selectively absorb nutrients
- Movement (passively down a gradient, Hypertonic/ hyperosmotic solutions cause cells
actively against a gradient using ATP) to shrink.
This is because plasma is regulated highly (blood)
Isotonic/ isosmotic stay the same.
whilst interstitial fluid is not as much.
Ion changes can impact cells
- Change leakage channels
- Fluid pool changes, others change could occur
Causes
- Ion imbalance
- Membrane potential changes.
Osmolality and tonicity Cellular function and waste production
Cells continuously
Tonicity: is a subtle variation in osmolarity - Produce new proteins and break down old
(small number of ions move out or in and ones
a lot of water moves in or out changing - Break down amino acids
the size of the cell). Also is a key factor for - Conduct active processes using ATP
non-penetrating solutes. - Generate ATP via energy metabolism
- Keep a constant ion balance
Osmolarity: the concentration of ions in Therefore! Waste is always being created.
plasma. Total solute spectrum
Protein breakdown
When referring to osmolality, all particles count - Proteins made from amino acids (C, H, O, N)
equally. For tonicity, only particles which are held - Amino acids turnover to CO2 and ammonia
out by the plasma membrane are considered. - CO2 lungs H+ water.
Function of the kidneys - Regulate water and - Ammonia liver Urea Kidneys
sodium reabsorption into blood, regulates plasma - Urea is produced all the time and always must
which equilibrates with interstitial fluid via be filtered out carefully as it is toxic.
movement across capillaries. (0.5ml/kg/hr normal)
ATP
• BM1011 TERM Property TOPIC TITLE à subtopic ↓ ↑ ∴ + = 💡Mnemoic
