Basic chemistry - Phosphorus (P)
Cells & Tissues
1. Molecule types and properties
2. Composition of a cell
Proteins ①
3. Types of transport across
- Complex macromolecule (C, H, O &
membranes
4. Tissue types, names, locations & N)
properties - Consists of amino acids (there are 20
types, polar and nonpolar acids)
①②③④ - Proteins can have different amino
Cellular composition acids,
properties &
Key molecules in the body①② functions.
Molecules & ions - Can be polar OR
nonpolar
Molecule: 2 or more chemically
bonded atoms. Carbohydrates
Ions: atom/atom group with a
positive/negative charge. Lipids ①
- A macromolecule (C, H & some O)
Small molecules: water & ions (polar
particles) - C & H, non-polar due to even
electron sharing
Water: - The O at the end makes it slightly
polar.
- Most common molecule in the body
- Overall: non-polarity : water-
- Covalently bonded O & 2H, polar.
insoluble
- Ions are soluble in water as they are
also polar
Lipids form the phospholipid bilayer of
Key ions in the body the cell membrane (the polar ends face
outward to water whilst the non-polar
- Sodium, Na+ (+ve cation) main ion
tails face inward, therefore the inside
outside
doesn’t allow water or ions to pass
- Potassium K+ (+ve cation) main
easily and separates fluid bodies)
ion inside
- Calcium, Ca+ (+ve cation) found Movement of molecules across a
outside cells cell membrane
- Chloride, Cl- (-ve anion) found
outside cells Transport across the cell membrane,
- Phosphate, PO3- (-ve) involves H2O, O2, Na+, K+ and
proteins
Macronutrients ① Diffusion
Large molecules: proteins,
Diffusion: the natural movement of
carbohydrates, lipids.
molecules from a high to low
Atoms that make up macronutrients: concentration, passively (no energy
- Hydrogen (H) required)
- Carbon © Diffusion is dependent on:
- Nitrogen (N)
- Oxygen (O) 1) Concentrations of solute either
side of membrane.
, 2) Surface area Channels & carriers
3) Particle size
4) Polarity Channels: protein pores
5) Environment: that let ions across the
temperature/pressure membrane
6) Distance to travel by particles. Carriers: bind molecule
Principles to itself & transfer it
1) Longer carbon chain = easier across the membrane
access
2) Polarity ↑ = ↑ Both move specific molecules with
their gradient (passive diffusion – can
be simple or facilitated)
2 types of diffusion
∴ No concentration gradient = No
Simple diffusion: moving down a movement
concentration gradient through the
membrane, occurs with small polar
molecules – when this occurs with Active transport
water: osmotic diffusion. Passive
process. Active transport: movement of
molecules against their gradient.
Facilitated diffusion: diffusion
aided by a membrane transport Requires:
channel (glycoprotein –protein w/ - ATP (energy)
attached carbohydrate) allowing - Transporter
molecules through membrane & are
specific to types of molecules. Example
Examples
Sodium-potassium pump uses
- Oxygen & CO2: small & nonpolar, ATP to bind Na to pump protein and
cross easily release into EF, then binds K &
releases into cytoplasm (maintains
- Fats: large, non-polar, molecules due
greater K inside and greater Na
to polarity they still diffuse despite
outside)
size.
- Water: small but polar: require a Body Organisation & Homeostasis
protein for diffusion
- Ions: small but polar: also need Hierarchy of Organization
protein
- Glucose: small, polar, protein
needed.
Moving ions across the membrane
via proteins
Proteins: actions units of a cell
Membrane proteins are
- Insoluble
- Anchored in/on membrane
- Have different roles incl. molecule
transport across membranes
Cells & Tissues
1. Molecule types and properties
2. Composition of a cell
Proteins ①
3. Types of transport across
- Complex macromolecule (C, H, O &
membranes
4. Tissue types, names, locations & N)
properties - Consists of amino acids (there are 20
types, polar and nonpolar acids)
①②③④ - Proteins can have different amino
Cellular composition acids,
properties &
Key molecules in the body①② functions.
Molecules & ions - Can be polar OR
nonpolar
Molecule: 2 or more chemically
bonded atoms. Carbohydrates
Ions: atom/atom group with a
positive/negative charge. Lipids ①
- A macromolecule (C, H & some O)
Small molecules: water & ions (polar
particles) - C & H, non-polar due to even
electron sharing
Water: - The O at the end makes it slightly
polar.
- Most common molecule in the body
- Overall: non-polarity : water-
- Covalently bonded O & 2H, polar.
insoluble
- Ions are soluble in water as they are
also polar
Lipids form the phospholipid bilayer of
Key ions in the body the cell membrane (the polar ends face
outward to water whilst the non-polar
- Sodium, Na+ (+ve cation) main ion
tails face inward, therefore the inside
outside
doesn’t allow water or ions to pass
- Potassium K+ (+ve cation) main
easily and separates fluid bodies)
ion inside
- Calcium, Ca+ (+ve cation) found Movement of molecules across a
outside cells cell membrane
- Chloride, Cl- (-ve anion) found
outside cells Transport across the cell membrane,
- Phosphate, PO3- (-ve) involves H2O, O2, Na+, K+ and
proteins
Macronutrients ① Diffusion
Large molecules: proteins,
Diffusion: the natural movement of
carbohydrates, lipids.
molecules from a high to low
Atoms that make up macronutrients: concentration, passively (no energy
- Hydrogen (H) required)
- Carbon © Diffusion is dependent on:
- Nitrogen (N)
- Oxygen (O) 1) Concentrations of solute either
side of membrane.
, 2) Surface area Channels & carriers
3) Particle size
4) Polarity Channels: protein pores
5) Environment: that let ions across the
temperature/pressure membrane
6) Distance to travel by particles. Carriers: bind molecule
Principles to itself & transfer it
1) Longer carbon chain = easier across the membrane
access
2) Polarity ↑ = ↑ Both move specific molecules with
their gradient (passive diffusion – can
be simple or facilitated)
2 types of diffusion
∴ No concentration gradient = No
Simple diffusion: moving down a movement
concentration gradient through the
membrane, occurs with small polar
molecules – when this occurs with Active transport
water: osmotic diffusion. Passive
process. Active transport: movement of
molecules against their gradient.
Facilitated diffusion: diffusion
aided by a membrane transport Requires:
channel (glycoprotein –protein w/ - ATP (energy)
attached carbohydrate) allowing - Transporter
molecules through membrane & are
specific to types of molecules. Example
Examples
Sodium-potassium pump uses
- Oxygen & CO2: small & nonpolar, ATP to bind Na to pump protein and
cross easily release into EF, then binds K &
releases into cytoplasm (maintains
- Fats: large, non-polar, molecules due
greater K inside and greater Na
to polarity they still diffuse despite
outside)
size.
- Water: small but polar: require a Body Organisation & Homeostasis
protein for diffusion
- Ions: small but polar: also need Hierarchy of Organization
protein
- Glucose: small, polar, protein
needed.
Moving ions across the membrane
via proteins
Proteins: actions units of a cell
Membrane proteins are
- Insoluble
- Anchored in/on membrane
- Have different roles incl. molecule
transport across membranes
