AALIM MUHAMMED SALEGH
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI)
MUTHAPUDUPET, AVADI I.A.F, CHENNAI – 600055.
OEE351- RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
,OEE351 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM LTPC
3003
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To Provide knowledge about various renewable energy technologies
To enable students to understand and design a PV system.
To provide knowledge about wind energy system.
To Provide knowledge about various possible hybrid energy systems
To gain knowledge about application of various renewable energy technologies
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Primary energy sources, renewable vs. non-renewable primary energy sources, renewable energy
resources in India, Current usage of renewable energy sources in India, future potential of renewable
energy in power production and development of renewable energy technologies.
UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY 9
Solar Radiation and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate Solar
Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of collectors,. Direct
Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and its application of battery charger,
domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes. Recent Advances in PV
Applications: Building Integrated PV, Grid Connected PV Systems,
UNIT III WIND ENERGY 9
Wind energy principles, wind site and its resource assessment, wind assessment, Factors
influencing wind, wind turbine components, wind energy conversion systems (WECS), Classification of
WECS devices, wind electric generating and control systems, characteristics and applications.
UNIT IV BIO-ENERGY 9
Energy from biomass, Principle of biomass conversion technologies/process and their
classification, Bio gas generation, types of biogas plants, selection of site for biogas plant, classification
of biogas plants, Advantage and disadvantages of biogas generation, thermal gasification of biomass,
biomass gasifies, Application of biomass and biogas plants and their economics.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY 9
Energy conversion from Hydrogen and Fuel cells, Geo thermal energy Resources, types of wells,
methods of harnessing the energy, potential in India. OTEC, Principles utilization, setting of OTEC plants,
thermodynamic cycles. Tidal and wave energy: Potential and conversion techniques, mini-hydel power
plants and their economics.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course students will be able to:
CO1: Attained knowledge about various renewable energy technologies
CO2: Ability to understand and design a PV system.
CO3: Understand the concept of various wind energy system.
CO4: Gained knowledge about various possible hybrid energy systems
CO5: Attained knowledge about various application of renewable energy technologies
REFERENCES
1. Twidell & Wier,‘Renewable Energy Resources’ CRC Press( Taylor & Francis).
2. Tiwari and Ghosal/ Narosa,‘Renewable energy resources’.
3. D.P.Kothari, K.C.Singhal,‘Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies’, P.H.I.
4. D.S.Chauhan, S.K. Srivastava, ‘Non – Conventional Energy Resources’, New Age Publishers, 2006.
5. B.H.Khan, ‘Non – Conventional Energy Resources’, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2006.
, UNIT I
RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of renewable sources of energy, Sustainable
Design and development, Types of RE sources, Limitations of RE sources, Present Indian and international
energy scenario of conventional and RE sources.
Introduction
Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that do not deplete or can be replenished or
refilled within a human’s life time. The most common examples of renewable energy sources include wind,
solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or
will not be replenished in our lifetime or even in many lifetimes. Most of the non-renewable energy sources
are fossil fuels, which influence the environment greatly and contribute to harmful global warming and
climate change. Renewable energy is sustainable as it originates from sources that are inexhaustible (unlike
fossil fuels). Despite of many advantages renewable energy sources have certain limitations like higher
capital cost, intermittency, storage capabilities, geographic limitations, etc., which make them inevitable.
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use
Fossil fuels are formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions
of years ago so they are named accordingly. Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale
oil, and bitumen, are the main sources of heat and electrical energy. All these fuels contain the major
constituents like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other materials like metal, sulphur and nitrogen compounds.
During the combustion process different pollutants like fly ash, sulphur oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen
oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) and volatile organic compounds are emitted. Gross emission
of these pollutants constitutes to atmospheric pollution and can affect human beings and environment.
TEDA is Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency. It is an independent agency setup by Government
of Tamil Nadu in the year 1984, as a registered society with a specific purpose – to create awareness
and migrate the State from using fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Atmospheric Pollution
Atmospheric pollution occurs in many forms but can generally be thought of as gaseous and
particulate contaminants that are present in the earth’s atmosphere. Chemicals discharged into the air that
have a direct impact on the environment are called primary pollutants. These primary pollutants sometimes
react with other chemicals in the air to produce secondary pollutants. The most commonly found air
pollutants are oxides of Sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of carbon, hydrocarbons, particulates (fly ash).
Oxides of Sulphur (SO2)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a colourless gas with a sharp, irritating odour. It is produced by burning
fossil fuels and by the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulphur. Erupting volcanoes can be a significant
natural source of sulphur dioxide emissions.
Environmental effects
When sulphur dioxide combines with water and air, it forms sulphuric acid, which is the main
component of acid rain. Acid rain can:
Cause deforestation
Acidify waterways to the detriment of aquatic life
Corrode building materials and paints.
Health effects
Sulphur dioxide affects the respiratory system, particularly lung function and can irritate the eyes.
Sulphur dioxide irritates the respiratory tract and increases the risk of tract infections.
It causes coughing, mucus secretion and aggravates conditions such as asthma and chronic
bronchitis.
1
, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
The term nitrogen oxides (NOx) describes a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), which are gases produced from natural sources, motor vehicles and other fuel burning processes.
Nitric oxide is colourless and is oxidised in the atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide has
an odour and is an acidic and highly corrosive gas that can affect our health and environment. In poorly
ventilated situations, indoor domestic appliances such as gas stoves and gas or wood heaters can be
significant sources of nitrogen oxides.
Environmental and health effects of nitrogen oxides
Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause damage to the human respiratory tract and increase a
person's vulnerability to respiratory infections and asthma.
Long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic lung disease.
It may also affect the senses of smell an odour.
High levels of nitrogen dioxide are also harmful to vegetation, damaging foliage, decreasing growth
or reducing crop yields.
Nitrogen dioxide can fade and discolour furnishings and fabrics, reduce visibility and react with
surfaces.
Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO2)
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas formed when substances containing carbon (such as
petrol, gas, coal and wood) are burned with an insufficient supply of air. Motor vehicles are the main source
of carbon monoxide pollution in urban areas.
Health effects
Carbon monoxide has serious health impacts on humans and animals.
When inhaled, the carbon monoxide bonds to the haemoglobin in the blood in place of oxygen to
become carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells and
decreases the supply of oxygen to tissues and organs, especially the heart and brain.
For people with cardiovascular disease, this can be a serious problem.
The effects are reversible, so symptoms decrease gradually when exposure to carbon monoxide
stops.
Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is any compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are organic
compounds. Because of the unique covalent nature of carbon, there are thousands upon thousands of
hydrocarbons in the world. Gasoline, petroleum, coal, kerosene, charcoal, natural gas, etc., are all a form of
hydrocarbons.
Environmental and health effects of hydrocarbons
These substances contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change
Deplete the ozone
Reduce photosynthetic ability of plants
Increase occurrences of cancer and respiratory disorders in humans.
India uses about 500 million T of coal every year to produce electricity, about 3.6 trillion cubic feet of
natural gas for power, chemicals and fertilizers and over 160 million T of oil for transport and
industry.
Particulates (Fly Ash)
Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne particles and is thus considered as a type of particulate matter or
particle pollution. Fly ash contains different trace elements (heavy metals).
2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(AFFILIATED TO ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI)
MUTHAPUDUPET, AVADI I.A.F, CHENNAI – 600055.
OEE351- RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
,OEE351 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM LTPC
3003
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To Provide knowledge about various renewable energy technologies
To enable students to understand and design a PV system.
To provide knowledge about wind energy system.
To Provide knowledge about various possible hybrid energy systems
To gain knowledge about application of various renewable energy technologies
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Primary energy sources, renewable vs. non-renewable primary energy sources, renewable energy
resources in India, Current usage of renewable energy sources in India, future potential of renewable
energy in power production and development of renewable energy technologies.
UNIT II SOLAR ENERGY 9
Solar Radiation and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate Solar
Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of collectors,. Direct
Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and its application of battery charger,
domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes. Recent Advances in PV
Applications: Building Integrated PV, Grid Connected PV Systems,
UNIT III WIND ENERGY 9
Wind energy principles, wind site and its resource assessment, wind assessment, Factors
influencing wind, wind turbine components, wind energy conversion systems (WECS), Classification of
WECS devices, wind electric generating and control systems, characteristics and applications.
UNIT IV BIO-ENERGY 9
Energy from biomass, Principle of biomass conversion technologies/process and their
classification, Bio gas generation, types of biogas plants, selection of site for biogas plant, classification
of biogas plants, Advantage and disadvantages of biogas generation, thermal gasification of biomass,
biomass gasifies, Application of biomass and biogas plants and their economics.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY 9
Energy conversion from Hydrogen and Fuel cells, Geo thermal energy Resources, types of wells,
methods of harnessing the energy, potential in India. OTEC, Principles utilization, setting of OTEC plants,
thermodynamic cycles. Tidal and wave energy: Potential and conversion techniques, mini-hydel power
plants and their economics.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course students will be able to:
CO1: Attained knowledge about various renewable energy technologies
CO2: Ability to understand and design a PV system.
CO3: Understand the concept of various wind energy system.
CO4: Gained knowledge about various possible hybrid energy systems
CO5: Attained knowledge about various application of renewable energy technologies
REFERENCES
1. Twidell & Wier,‘Renewable Energy Resources’ CRC Press( Taylor & Francis).
2. Tiwari and Ghosal/ Narosa,‘Renewable energy resources’.
3. D.P.Kothari, K.C.Singhal,‘Renewable energy sources and emerging technologies’, P.H.I.
4. D.S.Chauhan, S.K. Srivastava, ‘Non – Conventional Energy Resources’, New Age Publishers, 2006.
5. B.H.Khan, ‘Non – Conventional Energy Resources’, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2006.
, UNIT I
RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use, Importance of renewable sources of energy, Sustainable
Design and development, Types of RE sources, Limitations of RE sources, Present Indian and international
energy scenario of conventional and RE sources.
Introduction
Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that do not deplete or can be replenished or
refilled within a human’s life time. The most common examples of renewable energy sources include wind,
solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or
will not be replenished in our lifetime or even in many lifetimes. Most of the non-renewable energy sources
are fossil fuels, which influence the environment greatly and contribute to harmful global warming and
climate change. Renewable energy is sustainable as it originates from sources that are inexhaustible (unlike
fossil fuels). Despite of many advantages renewable energy sources have certain limitations like higher
capital cost, intermittency, storage capabilities, geographic limitations, etc., which make them inevitable.
Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use
Fossil fuels are formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions
of years ago so they are named accordingly. Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale
oil, and bitumen, are the main sources of heat and electrical energy. All these fuels contain the major
constituents like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other materials like metal, sulphur and nitrogen compounds.
During the combustion process different pollutants like fly ash, sulphur oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen
oxides (NOx = NO2 + NO) and volatile organic compounds are emitted. Gross emission
of these pollutants constitutes to atmospheric pollution and can affect human beings and environment.
TEDA is Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency. It is an independent agency setup by Government
of Tamil Nadu in the year 1984, as a registered society with a specific purpose – to create awareness
and migrate the State from using fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Atmospheric Pollution
Atmospheric pollution occurs in many forms but can generally be thought of as gaseous and
particulate contaminants that are present in the earth’s atmosphere. Chemicals discharged into the air that
have a direct impact on the environment are called primary pollutants. These primary pollutants sometimes
react with other chemicals in the air to produce secondary pollutants. The most commonly found air
pollutants are oxides of Sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of carbon, hydrocarbons, particulates (fly ash).
Oxides of Sulphur (SO2)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a colourless gas with a sharp, irritating odour. It is produced by burning
fossil fuels and by the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulphur. Erupting volcanoes can be a significant
natural source of sulphur dioxide emissions.
Environmental effects
When sulphur dioxide combines with water and air, it forms sulphuric acid, which is the main
component of acid rain. Acid rain can:
Cause deforestation
Acidify waterways to the detriment of aquatic life
Corrode building materials and paints.
Health effects
Sulphur dioxide affects the respiratory system, particularly lung function and can irritate the eyes.
Sulphur dioxide irritates the respiratory tract and increases the risk of tract infections.
It causes coughing, mucus secretion and aggravates conditions such as asthma and chronic
bronchitis.
1
, Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
The term nitrogen oxides (NOx) describes a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), which are gases produced from natural sources, motor vehicles and other fuel burning processes.
Nitric oxide is colourless and is oxidised in the atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide has
an odour and is an acidic and highly corrosive gas that can affect our health and environment. In poorly
ventilated situations, indoor domestic appliances such as gas stoves and gas or wood heaters can be
significant sources of nitrogen oxides.
Environmental and health effects of nitrogen oxides
Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause damage to the human respiratory tract and increase a
person's vulnerability to respiratory infections and asthma.
Long-term exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause chronic lung disease.
It may also affect the senses of smell an odour.
High levels of nitrogen dioxide are also harmful to vegetation, damaging foliage, decreasing growth
or reducing crop yields.
Nitrogen dioxide can fade and discolour furnishings and fabrics, reduce visibility and react with
surfaces.
Oxides of Carbon (CO, CO2)
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas formed when substances containing carbon (such as
petrol, gas, coal and wood) are burned with an insufficient supply of air. Motor vehicles are the main source
of carbon monoxide pollution in urban areas.
Health effects
Carbon monoxide has serious health impacts on humans and animals.
When inhaled, the carbon monoxide bonds to the haemoglobin in the blood in place of oxygen to
become carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells and
decreases the supply of oxygen to tissues and organs, especially the heart and brain.
For people with cardiovascular disease, this can be a serious problem.
The effects are reversible, so symptoms decrease gradually when exposure to carbon monoxide
stops.
Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon is any compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are organic
compounds. Because of the unique covalent nature of carbon, there are thousands upon thousands of
hydrocarbons in the world. Gasoline, petroleum, coal, kerosene, charcoal, natural gas, etc., are all a form of
hydrocarbons.
Environmental and health effects of hydrocarbons
These substances contribute to the greenhouse effect and climate change
Deplete the ozone
Reduce photosynthetic ability of plants
Increase occurrences of cancer and respiratory disorders in humans.
India uses about 500 million T of coal every year to produce electricity, about 3.6 trillion cubic feet of
natural gas for power, chemicals and fertilizers and over 160 million T of oil for transport and
industry.
Particulates (Fly Ash)
Fly ash is composed of tiny, airborne particles and is thus considered as a type of particulate matter or
particle pollution. Fly ash contains different trace elements (heavy metals).
2
