NBCE Part 1: Physiology (Irene Gold
Packet) questions and answers
Blood from Upper Extremity goes into the heart from the _______. - answer-Superior
Vena Cava
Blood from Lower Extremity goes into the heart from the ______. - answer-Inferior Vena
Cava
Where does the Azygous vein drain into the heart from? - answer-Lumbars into SVC
____ % of blood passively flows into the right ventricle. - answer-80
____ % needs atrial contraction. - answer-20
P-wave starts at ___ node in Crista Terminals of right atrium. - answer-SA
Tricuspid closes after __ - wave. - answer-P
Impulse travels to ____ node. - answer-AV
What is AV-Nodal Delay? - answer-SA node impulse to AV node and delayed (P-R
interval)
What is isovolumetric contraction? - answer-Tricuspid closes --> ventricle contracts
QRS complex occurs due to ______. - answer-Ventricular depolarization
Mid-systole causes enough pressure to blow open ____ ____ valves. -
answer-pulmonic semilunar
Blood exits the heart via pulmonary ____ to the lungs. - answer-artery
The pulmonary artery carries ________ blood. - answer-deoxygenated
,What are the two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood? - answer-1. Pulmonary artery
2. Umbilical artery (in fetus)
Blood is oxygenated via ____ _____. - answer-Bohr effect
How many O2 molecules are in hemoglobin? - answer-4
In the lungs, ____ % hemoglobin is saturated with O2. - answer-97
In the lungs the Bohr effect causes ____ CO2, ____ H+, ____ DPG, and ____ temp.
(increase or decrease) - answer-decreased for all 4
Blood exits lung via pulmonary ____ into the left atrium. - answer-vein
What are the two veins that carry oxygenated blood? - answer-1. Pulmonary vein
2. Umbilical vein (in fetus)
In the atrium, ____ % of blood passively flows into the left ventricle - answer-80
In the atrium the other 20% of blood flows into the left ventricle by ______. -
answer-P-wave
How does blood flow through the left ventricle? - answer-Mitral closes --> isovolumetric
contraction --> builds tension --> mid systole --> aortic valves open --> blood rushes into
aorta
The umbilical vein becomes _________. - answer-ligamentum teres
The ligamentous teres separates the ____ lobe from _____ lobe of the liver. -
answer-left; quadrate
Diastole ______. (contracts or relaxes) - answer-relaxes
Systole _____. (contracts or relaxes) - answer-contracts
In an EKG the p-wave = atrial _____. - answer-depolarization
In an EKG the P-R interval = - answer-isovolumetric contract
,P-R interval is released from ____ node down the _____ into _____. - answer-AV;
bundle of His; purkinje fibers
Moderator band = ______ - answer-right bundle of His in septomarginal recess of right
ventricle
What system is 400x faster than other neurons in the heart? Why? - answer-Purkinje
system; due to intercalated discs and gap junctions
QRS = ______ - answer-ventricular depolarization
What causes ventricular depolarization? - answer-ventricles contracts
What is hidden under the QRS complex? - answer-Atrial repolarization
Chordae tendinae + papillary muscles prevent what? - answer-AV valves from blowing
back from ventricular contraction
T wave = _____ - answer-ventricular repolarization
In ventricular repolarization ____ is outside and ___ inside the cell. - answer-Na+; K+
U wave = ______ - answer-depolarization of the papillary muscle
S-T segment = ______ - answer-isovolumetric relaxation (no blood in ventricles, valves
closed)
Inverted T-wave or altered S-T segment = ______ - answer-myocardial infarction AKA
acute heart failure
If there is a problem with the atria is it a P-wave or a QRS-wave issue? -
answer-P-wave
If there is a problem with the ventricle is it a P-wave or a QRS-wave issue? -
answer-QRS-wave
Prevention of heart tetany comes from what? - answer-Slow calcium channels AKA long
absolute refractory period AKA plateaus (impossible to fire heart again)
What is another name for autorhythmicity? - answer-automatic conductivity
, What is autorhythmicity? - answer-allows the heart to beat on its own due to leaky
sodium channels
Autorhythmicity is due to _____. - answer-SA node (approx. 45 BPM)
Do sympathetics speed up or slow down the heart? - answer-speed up
Do parasympathetics speed up or slow down the heart? - answer-slow down
What is a primary heart block? - answer-elongation of PR interval
What is a secondary heart block? - answer-Winkebocks phenomena
What is Winkebocks phenomena? - answer-elongation of P-R till 2 atrial depolarization
show up (2 p-waves)
What is a complete heart block? - answer-no pattern to the EKG, random EKG
What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure? - answer-essential
hypertension
What is the 2nd most common cause of congestive heart failure? - answer-aortic
stenosis
Congestive heart failure backs up blood into the left or right ventricle? - answer-left
**causes ventricular hypertrophy to make heart stronger
After congestive heart failure backs up blood into the left ventricle it causes ventricular
hypertrophy and backs up into ______. - answer-Left atrium into lungs (via pulmonary
vein)
What is the first sign of left sided heart failure? - answer-Exertional dyspnea
Congestive heart failure backs up blood into left ventricle --> backs up into left atrium
into lungs --> backs into ______ to cause ____ - answer-right ventricle; right sided heart
failure
Packet) questions and answers
Blood from Upper Extremity goes into the heart from the _______. - answer-Superior
Vena Cava
Blood from Lower Extremity goes into the heart from the ______. - answer-Inferior Vena
Cava
Where does the Azygous vein drain into the heart from? - answer-Lumbars into SVC
____ % of blood passively flows into the right ventricle. - answer-80
____ % needs atrial contraction. - answer-20
P-wave starts at ___ node in Crista Terminals of right atrium. - answer-SA
Tricuspid closes after __ - wave. - answer-P
Impulse travels to ____ node. - answer-AV
What is AV-Nodal Delay? - answer-SA node impulse to AV node and delayed (P-R
interval)
What is isovolumetric contraction? - answer-Tricuspid closes --> ventricle contracts
QRS complex occurs due to ______. - answer-Ventricular depolarization
Mid-systole causes enough pressure to blow open ____ ____ valves. -
answer-pulmonic semilunar
Blood exits the heart via pulmonary ____ to the lungs. - answer-artery
The pulmonary artery carries ________ blood. - answer-deoxygenated
,What are the two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood? - answer-1. Pulmonary artery
2. Umbilical artery (in fetus)
Blood is oxygenated via ____ _____. - answer-Bohr effect
How many O2 molecules are in hemoglobin? - answer-4
In the lungs, ____ % hemoglobin is saturated with O2. - answer-97
In the lungs the Bohr effect causes ____ CO2, ____ H+, ____ DPG, and ____ temp.
(increase or decrease) - answer-decreased for all 4
Blood exits lung via pulmonary ____ into the left atrium. - answer-vein
What are the two veins that carry oxygenated blood? - answer-1. Pulmonary vein
2. Umbilical vein (in fetus)
In the atrium, ____ % of blood passively flows into the left ventricle - answer-80
In the atrium the other 20% of blood flows into the left ventricle by ______. -
answer-P-wave
How does blood flow through the left ventricle? - answer-Mitral closes --> isovolumetric
contraction --> builds tension --> mid systole --> aortic valves open --> blood rushes into
aorta
The umbilical vein becomes _________. - answer-ligamentum teres
The ligamentous teres separates the ____ lobe from _____ lobe of the liver. -
answer-left; quadrate
Diastole ______. (contracts or relaxes) - answer-relaxes
Systole _____. (contracts or relaxes) - answer-contracts
In an EKG the p-wave = atrial _____. - answer-depolarization
In an EKG the P-R interval = - answer-isovolumetric contract
,P-R interval is released from ____ node down the _____ into _____. - answer-AV;
bundle of His; purkinje fibers
Moderator band = ______ - answer-right bundle of His in septomarginal recess of right
ventricle
What system is 400x faster than other neurons in the heart? Why? - answer-Purkinje
system; due to intercalated discs and gap junctions
QRS = ______ - answer-ventricular depolarization
What causes ventricular depolarization? - answer-ventricles contracts
What is hidden under the QRS complex? - answer-Atrial repolarization
Chordae tendinae + papillary muscles prevent what? - answer-AV valves from blowing
back from ventricular contraction
T wave = _____ - answer-ventricular repolarization
In ventricular repolarization ____ is outside and ___ inside the cell. - answer-Na+; K+
U wave = ______ - answer-depolarization of the papillary muscle
S-T segment = ______ - answer-isovolumetric relaxation (no blood in ventricles, valves
closed)
Inverted T-wave or altered S-T segment = ______ - answer-myocardial infarction AKA
acute heart failure
If there is a problem with the atria is it a P-wave or a QRS-wave issue? -
answer-P-wave
If there is a problem with the ventricle is it a P-wave or a QRS-wave issue? -
answer-QRS-wave
Prevention of heart tetany comes from what? - answer-Slow calcium channels AKA long
absolute refractory period AKA plateaus (impossible to fire heart again)
What is another name for autorhythmicity? - answer-automatic conductivity
, What is autorhythmicity? - answer-allows the heart to beat on its own due to leaky
sodium channels
Autorhythmicity is due to _____. - answer-SA node (approx. 45 BPM)
Do sympathetics speed up or slow down the heart? - answer-speed up
Do parasympathetics speed up or slow down the heart? - answer-slow down
What is a primary heart block? - answer-elongation of PR interval
What is a secondary heart block? - answer-Winkebocks phenomena
What is Winkebocks phenomena? - answer-elongation of P-R till 2 atrial depolarization
show up (2 p-waves)
What is a complete heart block? - answer-no pattern to the EKG, random EKG
What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure? - answer-essential
hypertension
What is the 2nd most common cause of congestive heart failure? - answer-aortic
stenosis
Congestive heart failure backs up blood into the left or right ventricle? - answer-left
**causes ventricular hypertrophy to make heart stronger
After congestive heart failure backs up blood into the left ventricle it causes ventricular
hypertrophy and backs up into ______. - answer-Left atrium into lungs (via pulmonary
vein)
What is the first sign of left sided heart failure? - answer-Exertional dyspnea
Congestive heart failure backs up blood into left ventricle --> backs up into left atrium
into lungs --> backs into ______ to cause ____ - answer-right ventricle; right sided heart
failure
