UNIT 11 TEST
Jackie Robinson - ANS-The first African American player in the major league of
baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) - ANS-Supreme Court decision that overturned
the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court
ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus
unconstitutional. In Kansas, Thurgood MARSHALL (chief of NAACP) argued that the
segregation in public schools made African american students feel inferior(no more
equalization). The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and
1960s.
- used the doll strategy
- bundled together w/ the Prince Edward County case (moton high-Barbara Johns was
the strike leader)
Oliver Hill - ANS-NAAPC Lawyer, and also Virginia's Representative during the Brown v.
Board of Education case (school segregation within the state)
VA's response to Brown decision: - ANS-massive resistance;
1. closing schools
2. established white academics (Prince Edward Academy)
Emmett Till - ANS-1955, MS, 14 year old boy who was brutally murdered by 2 white
men for whistling at a white women. Mrs. Till insisted on an open casket to use her
son's body as to reveal the brutality of southern racism, which she did as she caught the
attention of the nation and helped launch the Brown decision.
- the men were acquitted
The Montgomery Bus boycott - ANS-In 1955, after Rosa PARKS was arrested for
refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. KING led a boycott of city
buses(and then the whole movement at 26). After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled
that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Little Rock Nine - ANS-In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas,
won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High. The
governor, FAUBUS) ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine
from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the
, school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan. The mob
violence pushed EISENHOWER's patience to the breaking point and he immediately
ordered the US Army to send troops (101st Airborne) to Little Rock to protect and escort
them for the full school year.
- Minnie jean brown dumped chili on a boys head
Sit-ins - ANS-protests by black college students, 1960-1961 (1st in Greensboro, NC),
who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in
1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the
formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee(SNCC).
- Nash--> sit in leader in Nashville "The Athens of the South"
Freedom Riders - ANS-Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern
states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
- difficulty at Rock Hill, SC, where a mob beat John Lewis
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) - ANS-Civil rights organization
formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., that, in 1963, protested in 186 cities,
including Albany(failed attempt) and Birmingham--> was met with violence from the
police ad the public was horrified--> "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" - MLK - "Justice too
long delayed is justice denied."
March on Washington - ANS-In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive
rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill(passed by
Johnson in 1964--> summer of 1964 = "freedom summer"). The high point came when
MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of
the Lincoln Memorial. Lewis changed his speech regarding the Kennedy administration,
but changed his mind last minute due to a request from Randolph.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS-JOHNSON, 1965; invalidated the use of any test or
device to deny the vote(unfair literacy tests) and authorized federal examiners to
register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became
politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and
facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and
decreasing the wealth and education gap
Watts riots, 1965 - ANS-a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los
Angeles 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests,
and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot to occur in the city
decades later.
Jackie Robinson - ANS-The first African American player in the major league of
baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) - ANS-Supreme Court decision that overturned
the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision (1896); led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court
ruled that "separate but equal" schools for blacks were inherently unequal and thus
unconstitutional. In Kansas, Thurgood MARSHALL (chief of NAACP) argued that the
segregation in public schools made African american students feel inferior(no more
equalization). The decision energized the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and
1960s.
- used the doll strategy
- bundled together w/ the Prince Edward County case (moton high-Barbara Johns was
the strike leader)
Oliver Hill - ANS-NAAPC Lawyer, and also Virginia's Representative during the Brown v.
Board of Education case (school segregation within the state)
VA's response to Brown decision: - ANS-massive resistance;
1. closing schools
2. established white academics (Prince Edward Academy)
Emmett Till - ANS-1955, MS, 14 year old boy who was brutally murdered by 2 white
men for whistling at a white women. Mrs. Till insisted on an open casket to use her
son's body as to reveal the brutality of southern racism, which she did as she caught the
attention of the nation and helped launch the Brown decision.
- the men were acquitted
The Montgomery Bus boycott - ANS-In 1955, after Rosa PARKS was arrested for
refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. KING led a boycott of city
buses(and then the whole movement at 26). After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled
that segregation of public transportation was illegal.
Little Rock Nine - ANS-In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas,
won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High. The
governor, FAUBUS) ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine
from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the
, school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan. The mob
violence pushed EISENHOWER's patience to the breaking point and he immediately
ordered the US Army to send troops (101st Airborne) to Little Rock to protect and escort
them for the full school year.
- Minnie jean brown dumped chili on a boys head
Sit-ins - ANS-protests by black college students, 1960-1961 (1st in Greensboro, NC),
who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in
1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the
formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee(SNCC).
- Nash--> sit in leader in Nashville "The Athens of the South"
Freedom Riders - ANS-Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern
states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation
- difficulty at Rock Hill, SC, where a mob beat John Lewis
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) - ANS-Civil rights organization
formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., that, in 1963, protested in 186 cities,
including Albany(failed attempt) and Birmingham--> was met with violence from the
police ad the public was horrified--> "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" - MLK - "Justice too
long delayed is justice denied."
March on Washington - ANS-In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive
rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill(passed by
Johnson in 1964--> summer of 1964 = "freedom summer"). The high point came when
MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of
the Lincoln Memorial. Lewis changed his speech regarding the Kennedy administration,
but changed his mind last minute due to a request from Randolph.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS-JOHNSON, 1965; invalidated the use of any test or
device to deny the vote(unfair literacy tests) and authorized federal examiners to
register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became
politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and
facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and
decreasing the wealth and education gap
Watts riots, 1965 - ANS-a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los
Angeles 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests,
and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot to occur in the city
decades later.
