Maryville NUR 611 Patho Exam 3 | 100%
Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
Explain the pathophysiology associate with Type 1 and Type 2 DM. DM 1 - ✔✔Is the result of an
autoimmune mediated specific loss of beta cells in the pancreatic islet. One of the basic patho of type 2
DM is the development of insulin resistant tissue cells.
Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism - ✔✔Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with
the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones.
List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism - ✔✔The individual develops a low basal metabolic
rate, cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, and slightly lower basal body temperature.
Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and SIADH - ✔✔DM: is not a single disease but a group
of clinical heterogeneous disorders that have glucose intolerance in common.
DI: is an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia.
SIADH: is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release.
The symptom common to all these conditions is thirst.
What causes the microvascular complications of DM - ✔✔Microvascular complications are a result of
capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia.
What is the cause of diabetes insipidus - ✔✔Inability of the kidney to increase permeability of water.
This causes excretions of large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase in plasma osmolality.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with Addison's disease - ✔✔Addison disease is a
result of hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism - ✔✔The most common
cause of hyperparathyroidism is damage caused during thyroid surgery. In hypothyroidism a lack of
circulating PTH causes a depressed serum calcium level resulting in the symptomatology mentioned in
the stem.
, What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis? - ✔✔In a state of
relative insulin deficiency there is an increase in insulin counter regulating hormones including
catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon, and GH. Catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon and GH antagonize
insulin by increasing glucose production. In addition, these hormones decrease use of glucose. Profound
insulin deficiency results in decrease glucose uptake, increase fat mobilization with release if fatty acids,
and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ordinarily, ketones are used by tissues as an energy
source to regenerate bicarbonate. Hyperkalemia is a result of a compensatory mechanism directed at
eliminating metabolic acidosis.
What is acromegaly? - ✔✔Acromegaly is a term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high
levels of GH, whereas the term gigantism is reserved for children and adolescents.
Differentiate hypothyroidism and Graves' disease - ✔✔One of the cause's hypothyroidism is a deficiency
of endemic iodine. Hypothyroidism are the lower levels of thyroid hormone, without the negative
feedback of TH in the pituitary, there is an increase secretion of TSH that may lead to goiter. As a result in
decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, regulatory mechanisms are overridden by
abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH. The systemic
symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and tachycardia; the remaining options are not
associated with this disorder.
Describe the pathophysiology related to chronic DM - ✔✔A number of serious complications are
associated with any type of DM and include microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy)
and macrovascular (CAD, CVA, PVD) disease and infection.
What happens during hypoglycemia? - ✔✔A person with type 1 DM experiences hunger,
lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, HA and confusion. The most likely cause of these symptoms is
hypoglycemia, which is often caused by a lack of systemic glucose resulting from muscular activity.
What is the metabolic syndrome? - ✔✔It also has been called the insulin resistance syndrome or
syndrome X. It is a clustering of clinical traits occurring together that increase the risk for accelerated
cardiovascular disease and type 2 DM. Combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease and DM.
Describe how DM causes peripheral neuropathy - ✔✔It is a form of "dying back" neuropathy, in which
the distal portions of the neurons are initially and eventually more severely affected. The earliest
Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
Explain the pathophysiology associate with Type 1 and Type 2 DM. DM 1 - ✔✔Is the result of an
autoimmune mediated specific loss of beta cells in the pancreatic islet. One of the basic patho of type 2
DM is the development of insulin resistant tissue cells.
Explain what occurs in panhypopituitarism - ✔✔Panhypopituitarism is the term correctly associated with
the lack of all anterior pituitary hormones.
List the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism - ✔✔The individual develops a low basal metabolic
rate, cold intolerance, lethargy, tiredness, and slightly lower basal body temperature.
Differentiate diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and SIADH - ✔✔DM: is not a single disease but a group
of clinical heterogeneous disorders that have glucose intolerance in common.
DI: is an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia.
SIADH: is characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release.
The symptom common to all these conditions is thirst.
What causes the microvascular complications of DM - ✔✔Microvascular complications are a result of
capillary basement membranes thickening and endothelial cell hyperplasia.
What is the cause of diabetes insipidus - ✔✔Inability of the kidney to increase permeability of water.
This causes excretions of large volumes of dilute urine, leading to increase in plasma osmolality.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with Addison's disease - ✔✔Addison disease is a
result of hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.
Describe the pathophysiological changes associated with hypoparathyroidism - ✔✔The most common
cause of hyperparathyroidism is damage caused during thyroid surgery. In hypothyroidism a lack of
circulating PTH causes a depressed serum calcium level resulting in the symptomatology mentioned in
the stem.
, What are the causes and pathophysiological changes associate with ketoacidosis? - ✔✔In a state of
relative insulin deficiency there is an increase in insulin counter regulating hormones including
catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon, and GH. Catecholamine's, cortisol, glucagon and GH antagonize
insulin by increasing glucose production. In addition, these hormones decrease use of glucose. Profound
insulin deficiency results in decrease glucose uptake, increase fat mobilization with release if fatty acids,
and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ordinarily, ketones are used by tissues as an energy
source to regenerate bicarbonate. Hyperkalemia is a result of a compensatory mechanism directed at
eliminating metabolic acidosis.
What is acromegaly? - ✔✔Acromegaly is a term for adults who have been exposed to continuously high
levels of GH, whereas the term gigantism is reserved for children and adolescents.
Differentiate hypothyroidism and Graves' disease - ✔✔One of the cause's hypothyroidism is a deficiency
of endemic iodine. Hypothyroidism are the lower levels of thyroid hormone, without the negative
feedback of TH in the pituitary, there is an increase secretion of TSH that may lead to goiter. As a result in
decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, regulatory mechanisms are overridden by
abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the stimulation of excessive TH. The systemic
symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis include hyperthermia and tachycardia; the remaining options are not
associated with this disorder.
Describe the pathophysiology related to chronic DM - ✔✔A number of serious complications are
associated with any type of DM and include microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy)
and macrovascular (CAD, CVA, PVD) disease and infection.
What happens during hypoglycemia? - ✔✔A person with type 1 DM experiences hunger,
lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, HA and confusion. The most likely cause of these symptoms is
hypoglycemia, which is often caused by a lack of systemic glucose resulting from muscular activity.
What is the metabolic syndrome? - ✔✔It also has been called the insulin resistance syndrome or
syndrome X. It is a clustering of clinical traits occurring together that increase the risk for accelerated
cardiovascular disease and type 2 DM. Combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of
developing cardiovascular disease and DM.
Describe how DM causes peripheral neuropathy - ✔✔It is a form of "dying back" neuropathy, in which
the distal portions of the neurons are initially and eventually more severely affected. The earliest
