Maryville NURS 611 Exam 4 | 100% Correct |
Verified | 2024 Version
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? - ✔✔20-25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? - ✔✔sensory innervation of the upper part
of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? - ✔✔confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
What is pyelonephritis? - ✔✔it is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts(ureter, renal pelvis,
and kidney interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? - ✔✔urinary obstruction
and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ✔✔e. coli, proteus, or pseudomonas.
What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of stone formation? -
✔✔the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). - ✔✔it is a condition that includes nonbacterial
infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response. What happens during an
autoimmune reaction? - ✔✔it may be responsible for inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
, How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? - ✔✔urine culture, urinalysis,
and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell casts indicate pyelonephritis, but they are not always
present in the urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? - ✔✔elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration, or
reduced renal creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? - ✔✔it is a term that includes renal diseases that cause glomerular
inflammation through immune mechanisms.
What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? - ✔✔the glomerular capillary filtration
membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes) are damaged
by inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - ✔✔sudden onset of hematuria including
red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these
symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein (massive proteinuria) in
the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? - ✔✔glomerular injury.
What are the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What are the secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔they occur in systemic diseases including
DM, amyloidosis, and SLE. It is also seen with certain drugs, infections, malignancies, and vascular
disorders.
Acute kidney injury is also known as renal failure. Explain chronic and acute kidney injuries. - ✔✔kidney
failure can be chronic and progressive. Acute occurs rapidly within hours, and may be reversible.
Verified | 2024 Version
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? - ✔✔20-25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? - ✔✔sensory innervation of the upper part
of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? - ✔✔confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
What is pyelonephritis? - ✔✔it is an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts(ureter, renal pelvis,
and kidney interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? - ✔✔urinary obstruction
and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ✔✔e. coli, proteus, or pseudomonas.
What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of stone formation? -
✔✔the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). - ✔✔it is a condition that includes nonbacterial
infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response. What happens during an
autoimmune reaction? - ✔✔it may be responsible for inflammatory response, which includes mast cell
activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
, How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? - ✔✔urine culture, urinalysis,
and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell casts indicate pyelonephritis, but they are not always
present in the urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? - ✔✔elevated plasma urea, creatinine concentration, or
reduced renal creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? - ✔✔it is a term that includes renal diseases that cause glomerular
inflammation through immune mechanisms.
What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? - ✔✔the glomerular capillary filtration
membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes) are damaged
by inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - ✔✔sudden onset of hematuria including
red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these
symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein (massive proteinuria) in
the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? - ✔✔glomerular injury.
What are the primary causes of nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis),
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
What are the secondary forms of nephrotic syndrome? - ✔✔they occur in systemic diseases including
DM, amyloidosis, and SLE. It is also seen with certain drugs, infections, malignancies, and vascular
disorders.
Acute kidney injury is also known as renal failure. Explain chronic and acute kidney injuries. - ✔✔kidney
failure can be chronic and progressive. Acute occurs rapidly within hours, and may be reversible.
