Maryville NURS 611: Pathophysiology Exam 1 |
100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
What is the main component of the cell and what does it contain? - ✔✔The nucleus; it contains the
nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of(4)? - ✔✔RNA, Most of the cellular DNA, DNA-binding proteins, &
histones
What do histones do and why are they important? - ✔✔
They regulate DNA activity.
-Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes for cell division.
-DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are extensive so risk of breakage is high
What are ribosomes? - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus.
-they provide sites for protein synthesis
How do they get to the cytoplasm? - ✔✔Through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPC's)
Where can ribosomes be found? - ✔✔-They may float freely in the cytoplasm
-Attached to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is the Golgi complex (Golgi Apparatus)? - ✔✔A network of flattened, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
What does the golgi apparatus do (2)? - ✔✔-Takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound sacs/vesicles called "secretory vesicles"
-Refines them and directs traffic in the cell (Proteins, polysaccharides and polynucleotides)
,How do lysosomes maintain cellular health (4)? - ✔✔- Efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-Removal of useless organelles
-Termination fo signal transduction
-Signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ✔✔Aging leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissues
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this information? -
✔✔-Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔Cellular respiration and energy production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain? - ✔✔Enzymes of the electron transport
chain that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation to produce most of the cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do they metabolize?
- ✔✔-Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to metabolize carbs, proteins and
amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3) - ✔✔-Carbs,
proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death? - ✔✔Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis? - ✔✔Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
, What are the three characteristics of necrosis? - ✔✔-Rapid loss of cell membrane structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs? - ✔✔-Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example? - ✔✔Decreased cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)? - ✔✔-Decreased: workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition and hormonal stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - ✔✔Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia? - ✔✔Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia? - ✔✔When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate within 2 weeks
Pathologic hyperplasia? - ✔✔Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it? - ✔✔-The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is stopped
100% Correct | Verified | 2024 Version
What is the main component of the cell and what does it contain? - ✔✔The nucleus; it contains the
nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of(4)? - ✔✔RNA, Most of the cellular DNA, DNA-binding proteins, &
histones
What do histones do and why are they important? - ✔✔
They regulate DNA activity.
-Histones bind to DNA and fold it into chromosomes for cell division.
-DNA chain in eukaryotic cells are extensive so risk of breakage is high
What are ribosomes? - ✔✔RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the
nucleolus.
-they provide sites for protein synthesis
How do they get to the cytoplasm? - ✔✔Through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore
complexes (NPC's)
Where can ribosomes be found? - ✔✔-They may float freely in the cytoplasm
-Attached to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is the Golgi complex (Golgi Apparatus)? - ✔✔A network of flattened, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
What does the golgi apparatus do (2)? - ✔✔-Takes proteins from the ER and processes/packages them
into small membrane-bound sacs/vesicles called "secretory vesicles"
-Refines them and directs traffic in the cell (Proteins, polysaccharides and polynucleotides)
,How do lysosomes maintain cellular health (4)? - ✔✔- Efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-Removal of useless organelles
-Termination fo signal transduction
-Signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ✔✔Aging leads to progressive loss of lysosomal efficiency which
declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissues
What functions do lysosomal components integrate (3) and what do they do with this information? -
✔✔-Nutrient abundance, energy levels and cell stressors
-They translate the info into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What are the mitochondria responsible for? - ✔✔Cellular respiration and energy production
What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain? - ✔✔Enzymes of the electron transport
chain that are essential for oxidative phosphorylation to produce most of the cell's ATP
What is the mitochondria matrix pathways, what do they involve and what 3 things do they metabolize?
- ✔✔-Metabolic pathways that involves urea and heme synthesis to metabolize carbs, proteins and
amino acids
What can accumulate intracellularly from stresses and metabolic derangements? (3) - ✔✔-Carbs,
proteins and lipids
What are the two types of cell death? - ✔✔Apoptosis and necrosis
What is apoptosis? - ✔✔Programmed cell death that is regulated/programmed
-Cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
, What are the three characteristics of necrosis? - ✔✔-Rapid loss of cell membrane structure
-Organelle swelling
-Mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis? Especially in what two organs? - ✔✔-Hypoxia
-Heart and kidney
What is cellular atrophy? Name a physiologic and pathologic example? - ✔✔Decreased cell size.
-physiologic: decreased size of the thymus gland in childhood
-Patho: decreased muscle size due to inactivity/bed rest.
What is pathologic atrophy caused by (6)? - ✔✔-Decreased: workload, use, pressure, blood supply,
nutrition and hormonal stimulation
What is hypertrophy? - ✔✔Increased size of cells
Beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔Increase in cardiac cell size during endurance training
Pathologic hypertrophy? - ✔✔Cardiomegaly due to HTN
What is hyperplasia? - ✔✔Increase in the # of cells
Compensatory hyperplasia? - ✔✔When 1/3 of the liver is removed , it will regenerate within 2 weeks
Pathologic hyperplasia? - ✔✔Endometrial hyperplasia
What is metaplasia and what is an example of it? - ✔✔-The replacement of cells
-In smokers, normal columnar epithelial cells in the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if the irritant is stopped
